Ensuring planetary survival: the centrality of organic carbon in balancing the multifunctional nature of soils
Open accessAbstract
Not only do soils provide 98.7% of the calories consumed by humans, they also provide numerous other functions upon which planetary survivability closely depends. However, our continuously increasing focus on soils for biomass provision (food, fiber, and energy) through intensive agriculture is rapidly degrading soils and diminishing their capacity to deliver other vital functions. These tradeoffs in soil functionality – the increased provision of one function at the expense of other critical planetary functions – are the focus of this review. We examine how land-use change for biomass provision has decreased the ability of soils to regulate the carbon pool and thereby contribute profoundly to climate change, to cycle the nutrients that sustain plant growth and ecosystem health, to protect the soil biodiversity upon which many other functions depend, and to cycle the Earth’s freshwater supplies. We also examine how this decreasing ability of soil to provide these other functions can be halted and reversed. Despite the complexity and the interconnectedness of soil functions, we show that soil organic carbon plays a central role and is a master indicator for soil functioning and that we require a better understanding of the factors controlling the behavior and persistence of C in soils. Given the threats facing humanity and their economies, it is imperative that we recognize that Soil Security is itself an existential challenge and that we need to increase our focus on the multiple functions of soils for long-term human welfare and survivability of the planet.
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SOM is central to the numerous functions delivered by soils.
“Furthermore, SOM is central to the numerous functions delivered by soils (Kopittke et al., 2022).”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Kopittke et al., 2022
Greater scientific knowledge and concurrent management of soil functions will be critical.
“It is increasingly recognised that greater scientific knowledge and concurrent management of these soil functions will be critical (Kopittke et al., 2022; Schulte et al., 2014).”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Kopittke et al., 2022
Searches for scientific knowledge, joint management of soil functions, and soil multifunctionality found no relevant passage from the paper’s body. The available matches are bibliographic material and an abstract; under the evidence rule, they cannot establish what the cited paper says about the claim. (LLM, conf=0.65)
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Soil security—Strategizing a sustainable future for soil
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Self-citationIncreasing numbers of global change stressors reduce soil carbon worldwide
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Self-citationSoil health evaluation approaches along a reclamation consequence in Hangzhou Bay, China
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Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Applications in Soil Science
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Disentangling the effect of nitrogen supply on the priming of soil organic matter: A critical review
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Self-citationSensing technologies for characterizing and monitoring soil functions: A review
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Self-citationPhenotypic evolution of agricultural crops
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The centennial legacy of land‐use change on organic carbon stocks of German agricultural soils
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Carbon sequestration and soil responses to soil amendments – A review
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Is the organic carbon-to-clay ratio a reliable indicator of soil health?
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Self-citationOrganic carbon loading of soils determines the fate of added fresh plant-derived organic matter
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Self-citationThe role of death and lysis of microbial and plant cells in the formation of soil organic matter
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Self-citationAssessing human impacts on soil organic carbon change in the Lower Namoi Valley, Australia
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Self-citationGlobal blind spots in soil health research overlap with environmental vulnerability hotspots
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Monitoring soil fauna with ecoacoustics
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Self-citationMurad, M. O. F., Jones, E. J., Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., Wijewardane, N. K., & Ge, Y. (2022) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2022.10.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationMulch as a nature-based solution to halt and reverse land degradation in agricultural areas
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Response of maize yield to changes in soil organic matter in a Swedish long‐term experiment
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Comparison of direct and indirect soil organic carbon prediction at farm field scale
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Regenerative organic agriculture and soil ecosystem service delivery: A literature review
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What’s Soil Got to Do with Climate Change?
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Organic carbon sequestration in global croplands: evidenced through a bibliometric approach
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Natural variation of the holobiont for sustainable agroecosystems
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Nutrient balance regulates soil microbial health under long-term fertilization
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Non-mycorrhizal root-associated fungi increase soil C stocks and stability via diverse mechanisms
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Self-citationRegional soil priorities creating partnerships with Australia and New Zealand across the Pacific
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Self-citationUpdating soil organic carbon for wheat production with high yield and grain protein
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Carbon farming in the living soils of the Americas
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- Authors
- Kopittke, P. M., Berhe, A. A., Carrillo, Y., Cavagnaro, T. R., Chen, D., Chen, Q.-L., Román Dobarco, M., Dijkstra, F. A., Field, D. J., Grundy, M. J., He, J.-Z., Hoyle, F. C., Kögel-Knabner, I., Lam, S. K., Marschner, P., Martinez, C., McBratney, A. B., McDonald-Madden, E., Menzies, N. W., Mosley, L. M., Mueller, C. W., Murphy, D. V., Nielsen, U. N., O’Donnell, A. G., Pendall, E., Pett-Ridge, J., Rumpel, C., Young, I. M., & Minasny, B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Faculty of Science, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- School of Life Sciences and Institute of Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- INRAE, CNRS, Institute for Ecology and Ecological Sciences, (iEES Paris, UMR Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, UPEC, IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Corresponding author
- Minasny, Budiman
- ORCID
- Kopittke, Peter M.
- Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw
- Carrillo, Yolima
- Cavagnaro, Timothy R.
- Chen, Deli
- Chen, Qing-Lin
- Dijkstra, Feike A.
- Field, Damien J.
- He, Ji-Zheng
- Hoyle, Frances C.
- Lam, Shu Kee
- Marschner, Petra
- Martinez, Cristina
- McBratney, Alex B.
- Menzies, Neal W.
- Mosley, Luke M.
- Mueller, Carsten W.
- Murphy, Daniel V.
- Nielsen, Uffe N.
- O’Donnell, Anthony G.
- Pendall, Elise
- Young, Iain M.
- Minasny, Budiman
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-01-10
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 4308-4324
- ISSN
- 1064-3389 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-6537
- OpenAlex
- W4206465534
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 24
- FWCI
- 23.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Keywords
- soil organic carbon, soil functions, soil security, land use change, intensive agriculture, soil carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity, climate change mitigation, soil degradation
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