Interventions for improving population health literacy: insights from a rapid review of the evidence
Abstract
The promotion of health literacy is critical to active and informed participation in health promotion, disease prevention, and health care. This article reports on a rapid review of the evidence concerning effective strategies for improving health literacy. This review was undertaken as part of a series of evidence reviews commissioned by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control through the Translating Health Communications Project. The authors searched a range of electronic databases and identified six evidence reviews published between 2000 and 2011. A narrative synthesis of the findings was then conducted. The majority of the published research originated in the United States, and the studies reviewed mainly focused on functional health literacy interventions that occurred in clinical settings. Considerable gaps in the evidence exist regarding the most effective population-level health literacy interventions, particularly with regard to communicable diseases. There is a paucity of intervention studies conducted on this topic in Europe. Implications of the findings for improving population health literacy on the prevention and control of communicable diseases in Europe are considered.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Interventions to improve health literacy have included using simple language, presenting information in audio-visual formats, tailoring content to individual needs, and other forms of interactivity.
“Interventions to improve health literacy have included using simple language, presenting information in audio-visual formats, tailoring content to individual needs, and other forms of interactivity.[45][46][47]”
From Understanding and Promoting Effective Engagement With Digital Behavior Change Interventions (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
Cites
Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models
Sørensen, K., den Broucke, S. V., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J. M., Słońska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-80 · Cited by 6,576 · see citing works
Nutbeam, D. (2000) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/15.3.259 · Cited by 5,205 · see citing works
Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion
Committee on Health Literacy, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine (2004) · doi:10.17226/10883 · Cited by 3,444 · see citing works
Verhagen, A., de Vet, H. D., de Bie, R. D., Kessels, A., Boers, M., Bouter, L., & Knipschild, P. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00131-0 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Health promotion glossary (1998)
Nutbeam, D. (1998) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/13.4.349 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Lyons, R. (2006) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.208 · Cited by 1,907 · see citing works
Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: a shortened screening instrument.
Davis, T. C., Long, S. W., Jackson, R. H., Mayeaux, E. J., George, R. B., Murphy, P. W., & Crouch, M. A. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Nutbeam, D. (1986) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/1.1.113 · Cited by 1,566 · see citing works
Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy
Baker, D. W., Williams, M. V., Parker, R. M., Gazmararian, J. A., & Nurss, J. R. (1999) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(98)00116-5 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-4059 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
Health Literacy and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature
DeWalt, D. A., & Hink, A. B. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1162b · Cited by 683 · see citing works
National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy
Thompson, T. L. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Health Communication · doi:10.4135/9781483346427.n360 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Interventions for Individuals with Low Health Literacy: A Systematic Review
Sheridan, S., Halpern, D. J., Viera, A. J., Berkman, N. D., Donahue, K. E., & Crotty, K. (2011) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.604391 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Rothman, R. L. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.14.1711 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Interventions to improve health outcomes for patients with low literacy
Pignone, M. P., DeWalt, D. A., Sheridan, S., Berkman, N. D., & Lohr, K. N. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40208.x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Informed Consent for Clinical Trials: a Comparative Study of Standard Versus Simplified Forms
Davis, T. C., Berkel, H. J., Holcombe, R. F., Pramanik, S., & Divers, S. G. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.9.668 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Yin, H. S., Dreyer, B. P., van Schaick, L., Foltin, G. L., Dinglas, C., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2008) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.9.814 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Ferreira, M. R., Dolan, N. C., Fitzgibbon, M., Davis, T. C., Gorby, N. S., Ladewski, L. A., Liu, D., RADEMAKER, A. W., Medio, F. J., Schmitt, B. P., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.07.049 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Davis, T. C., Fredrickson, D. D., Arnold, C. L., Murphy, P. W., Herbst, M., & Bocchini, J. A. (1998) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(97)00053-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Marcus, A. C., & Crane, L. A. (1998) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1997.0251 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Complex interventions to improve the health of people with limited literacy: A systematic review
Clement, S., Ibrahim, S., Crichton, N., Wolf, M. S., & Rowlands, G. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.01.008 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kickbusch, I., & Maag, D. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00584-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy
Car, J., Lang, B., Colledge, A., Ung, C. Y., & Majeed, A. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007092.pub2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Kalichman, S. C., Cherry, J., & Cain, D. N. (2005) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2005.07.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Internet-based health information consumer skills intervention for people living with HIV/AIDS.
Kalichman, S. C., Cherry, C., Cain, D. N., Pope, H. L., Kalichman, M. O., Eaton, L. A., Weinhardt, L. S., & Benotsch, E. G. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.545 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Intervention to increase mammography utilization in a public hospital
Davis, T. C., Berkel, H. J., Arnold, C. L., Nandy, I. M., Jackson, R. H., & Murphy, P. W. (1998) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00072.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Exploring the value of audiotapes for health literacy: a systematic review
Santo, A. E., Laizner, A. M., & Shohet, L. (2004) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.07.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Integrated Review of Health Literacy Interventions
Schaefer, C. T. (2008) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.nor.0000337283.55670.75 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Rapid Evidence Review of Interventions for Improving Health Literacy.
D’Eath, M., Barry, M. M., & Sixsmith, J. (2012) · ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) · doi:10.2900/20189 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAdult Education and Public Health Partner to Address Health Literacy Needs
Rudd, R. E. (2004) · Adult Learning · doi:10.1177/104515950401500102 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Doyle, P., Sixsmith, J., Barry, M. M., Mahmood, S., MacDonald, L., O’Sullivan, M., Oroviogoicoechea, C., Cairns, G., Guillén‐Grima, F., & Núñez-Córdoba, J. M. (2012) · ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) · doi:10.2900/59233 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding and Promoting Effective Engagement With Digital Behavior Change Interventions
Yardley, L., Spring, B. J., Riper, H., Morrison, L. G., Crane, D. H., Curtis, K., Merchant, G. C., Naughton, F., & Blandford, A. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.015 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Heijmans, M., Waverijn, G. J., Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M., van der Vaart, R., & Rijken, M. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.10.006 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Evidence on the effectiveness of health literacy interventions in the EU: a systematic review
Visscher, B. B., Steunenberg, B., Heijmans, M., Hofstede, J. M., Devillé, W. L. J. M., van der Heide, I., & Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6331-7 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Gesundheitskompetenz von Erwachsenen in Deutschland
Jordan, S., & Hoebel, J. (2015) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-015-2200-z · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Meppelink, C. S., van Weert, J. C., Haven, C. J., & Smit, E. G. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3979 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Positive mental health literacy: development and validation of a measure among Norwegian adolescents
Bjørnsen, H. N., Eilertsen, M., Ringdal, R., Espnes, G., & Moksnes, U. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4733-6 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Rowsell, A., Muller, I., Murray, E., Little, P., Byrne, C. D., Ganahl, K., Müller, G., Gibney, S., Lyles, C. R., Lucas, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4999 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Leveraging collective action and environmental literacy to address complex sustainability challenges
Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., & Wheaton, M. (2022) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-022-01764-6 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Prevalence of Parental Misconceptions About Antibiotic Use
Vaz, L. E., KLEINMAN, K. P., Lakoma, M. D., Dutta-Linn, M. M., Nahill, C., Hellinger, J., & Finkelstein, J. A. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0883 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Health Literacy and Online Health Information Processing: Unraveling the Underlying Mechanisms
Meppelink, C. S., Smit, E. G., Diviani, N., & van Weert, J. C. M. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1193920 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Association of Health Literacy Levels Between Family Members
Ishikawa, H., & Kiuchi, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00169 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ouédraogo, S., Benmarhnia, T., Bonnet, E., Somé, P., Barro, A., Kafando, Y., Soma, D. D., Dabiré, R. K., Saré, D., Fournet, F., et al. (2018) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2410.180069 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Muller, I., Rowsell, A., Stuart, B., Hayter, V., Little, P., Ganahl, K., Müller, G., Doyle, G., Chang, P., Lyles, C. R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6601 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bjørnsen, H. N., Ringdal, R., Espnes, G., Eilertsen, M., & Moksnes, U. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3829-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Waverijn, G. J., Heijmans, M., Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M., & Groenewegen, P. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1179369 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Acceptance of illness mediate the effects of health literacy on self-management behaviour
Qiu, C., Zhang, X., Zang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2019) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515119885240 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hawkins, M., Elsworth, G., Hoban, E., & Osborne, R. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035974 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cronin, R. M., Mayo‐Gamble, T. L., Stimpson, S.-J., Badawy, S. M., Crosby, L. E., Byrd, J., Volanakis, E. J., Kassim, A. A., Raphael, J. L., Murry, V. M., et al. (2018) · BMC Hematology · doi:10.1186/s12878-018-0106-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ishikawa, H., Yamaguchi, I., Nutbeam, D., Kato, M., Okuhara, T., OKADA, M., & Kiuchi, T. (2018) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12678 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sum, G., Koh, G. C., Mercer, S. W., Wei, L. Y., Majeed, A., Oldenburg, B. F., & Lee, J. T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8112-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Khatiwada, B., Rajbhandari, B., Mistry, S. K., Parsekar, S. S., & Yadav, U. N. (2022) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101174 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
On the Centrality of Information Appraisal in Health Literacy Research
Diviani, N. (2019) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20181214-01 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ladley, A., Hieger, A. W., Arthur, J., & Broom, M. A. (2018) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2018.02.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Randomized trial of planning tools to reduce unhealthy snacking: Implications for health literacy
Ayre, J., Bonner, C., Cvejic, E., & McCaffery, K. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209863 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Feldmann, J., Puhan, M. A., & Mütsch, M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024587 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Solhjoo, N., Naghshineh, N., Fahimnia, F., & Ameri‐naeini, A. R. (2018) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12236 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sanders, M., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., Carroll, J. K., Holder, T., Thomas, M., Luque, A. E., & Fiscella, K. A. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.031 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lee, E. W. J., Zheng, H., Aung, H. H., Seidmann, V., Li, C., Aroor, M. R., Lwin, M. O., Ho, S. S., & Theng, Y. L. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1731913 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Diviani, N., Obrenović, J., Montoya, C. L., & Karcz, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235474 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Huang, Y., Wu, S., & Wu, Q. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/46841 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Health literacy and breast cancer screening adherence: results from the population of Tuscany, Italy
Zanobini, P., Bonaccorsi, G., Giusti, M., Minardi, V., Possenti, V., Masocco, M., Garofalo, G., Mereu, G., Cecconi, R., & Lorini, C. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad177 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Transforming Nursing Care Through Health Literacy ACTS
French, K. S. (2014) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2014.10.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The impact of health literacy on beliefs about medication in a Dutch medication-using population
Visscher, B. B., Steunenberg, B., Zwikker, H. E., Heerdink, E. R., & Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-021-03105-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A conceptual model of functional health literacy to improve chronic airway disease outcomes
Poureslami, I. M., Tregobov, N., Shum, J., McMillan, A., Akhtar, A., Kassay, S., Starnes, K., Mahjoob, M., & FitzGerald, J. M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10313-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Health Literacy Program for Chronic Conditions
Elmer, S., Bridgman, H., Williams, A. D., Bird, M., Murray, S. L., Jones, R., & Cheney, M. (2017) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20170523-01 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Health literacy assessment of faith-based organizations in Accra, Ghana
Tutu, R. A., Ouassini, A., & Ottie-Boakye, D. (2023) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2207883 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fiedler, S., Pfaff, H., Petrowski, K., & Pförtner, T. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001471 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ayre, J., Cvejic, E., Bonner, C., Turner, R. M., Walter, S. D., & McCaffery, K. J. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003409 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Arzilli, G., Stacchini, L., Casigliani, V., Mazzilli, S., Aquino, F., Oradini‐Alacreu, A., Bruni, B., Quattrone, F., Papini, F., Sironi, D., et al. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2271765 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Health Care and End-of-Life Decisions: Community Engagement with Adults in East Harlem
Boucher, N. A., Guadalupe, E., Lara, L., & Alejandro, M. (2014) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-014-9929-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wetta, R. E., Severin, R. D., Gruhler, H., & Lewis, N. (2017) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458217739341 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Role of Health Literacy in Empowering Patients
Palumbo, R. (2017) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58344-0_4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Challenging the association between health literacy and health: the role of conversion factors
Rüegg, R., & Abel, T. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Palumbo, R., Annarumma, C., Musella, M., & Adinolfi, P. (2019) · Sinergie Italian Journal of Management · doi:10.7433/s107.2018.05 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Persian version of nutrition literacy scale in the elderly
Sharifnia, F., Ghaffari, M., & Rakhshanderou, S. (2019) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_387_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Shi, K., Cui, W., Shi, F., Wang, S., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042084 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Community Perceptions of the Determinants of Diabetes in Peri-Urban Vanuatu
Elliott, L. M., & Taylor, J. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/10105395211005924 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Katz, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000239 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Nomogram for Predicting the Infectious Disease-specific Health Literacy of Older Adults in China
Zhang, Q., Yin, J., Wang, Y., Song, L., Liu, T., Chen, S., & Shang, S. (2024) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2024.04.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yunusa, I. U., & Karaye, I. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824407-4.00011-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2023) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.48047/nq.2019.17.06.2437 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Functional Health Literacy of Asylum Seekers and Refugees – A Pilot Study in Italy
Marchetti, J., Sorrentino, M., Marucci, A. R., Galeoto, G., Marceca, M., & Sansoni, J. (2018) · ATHENS JOURNAL OF HEALTH & MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.30958/ajh.5-2-3
Lee, E. W. J., Zheng, H., Aung, H. H., Aroor, M. R., Li, C., Seidmann, V., Lwin, M. O., Ho, S. S., & Theng, Y. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.12356
Eczane Teknikerliği Temel İlkeleri
Kıran, B., Büyüker, S. M., Arslan, M., Ekici, A. N. Y., Sancar, A. A., Şar, S., Tarhan, N., Demircigil, E. S. G., İlbars, H., Özkaya, Y., et al. (2024) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.2301
Poureslami, I. M., Tregobov, N., Shum, J., McMillan, A., Akhtar, A., Kassay, S., Starnes, K., Mahjoob, M., & FitzGerald, J. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13669417
- Authors
- Barry, M. M., D'Eath, M., & Sixsmith, J.
- Affiliations
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Corresponding author
- Barry, Margaret M.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1507-1522
- ISSN
- 1081-0730 (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0415
- OpenAlex
- W2053116125
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- health literacy, health literacy interventions, population health, functional health literacy, infectious diseases, disease prevention, health promotion, clinical settings, evidence gaps, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
- MeSH terms
- Communicable Disease Control, Europe, Health Promotion, Humans, Review Literature as Topic, Health Literacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
