The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Second Look at the Validityl of Readability Formulas
Abstract
In this paper major factors interacting with readability measures in validity studies are identified and described. The basis for the analysis presented are thirty-six experimental studies of the effect of readability variables upon reader comprehension and/or retention. Emphasis is placed on the interacting nature of the factors involved.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
American Educational Research Journal, 1964-1968
Vesta, F. J. D., & Grinder, R. E. (1968) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162008 · Cited by 2,606
Language Comprehension and the Acquisition of Knowledge
Schank, R. C., Carroll, J. B., & Freedle, R. O. (1973) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422093 · Cited by 525
The measurement of readability
Klare, G. R. (2000) · ACM Journal of Computer Documentation · doi:10.1145/344599.344630 · Cited by 505
Klare, G. R. (1974) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747086 · Cited by 400
Klare, G. R. (1963) · Cited by 399
Bormuth, J. R. (1966) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747021 · Cited by 239
Hyde, E. J., & Nettleford, R. M. (1971) · Cited by 161
Pearson, P. D. (1974) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747180 · Cited by 143
Derivation and Validation of the Automated Readability Index for Use with Technical Materials
Smith, E. A., & Kincaid, J. P. (1970) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872087001200505 · Cited by 113
Defining Language Comprehension: Some Speculations.
Carroll, J. B. (1971) · Cited by 90
Improving comprehensibility by shortening sentences.
Coleman, E. B. (1962) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0039740 · Cited by 69
Through the one-way mirror: The limits of experimental self-reflection.
Gadlin, H., & Ingle, G. M. (1975) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.30.10.1003 · Cited by 61
Verbal learning research and the technology of written instruction
Rothkopf, E. Z., & Johnson, P. E. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 60
Klare, G. R., Mabry, J. E., & Gustafson, L. M. (1955) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044458 · Cited by 44
Validation of the Automated Readability Index: A Follow-Up
Kincaid, J. P., & Delionbach, L. J. (1973) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872087301500103 · Cited by 38
Klare, G. R., & Klare, J. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 34
Hiller, J. H. (1974) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036273 · Cited by 31
Klare, G. R., Shuford, E. H., & Nichols, W. H. (1957) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047962 · Cited by 24
Comparing Styles of Presenting Technical Information
McLaughlin, G. (1966) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140136608964376 · Cited by 16
Mirror, Mirror. . . .: Down with the Linear Model
Brown, D. J. (1975) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312012004491 · Cited by 11
Kinkaid, J. P. (1972) · Cited by 8
Siegel, A. I., & Lautman, M. R. (1974) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021533 · Cited by 8
Johnson, K. H., Relova, R. P., & Stafford, J. P. (1972) · Cited by 6
An Experiment with Contrived Readability in Fifth and Sixth Grades
McCracken, R. A. (1959) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1959.10882580 · Cited by 6
Cloze Procedure as a Predictor of Comprehension in Secondary Social Studies Materials.
Geyer, J. R. (1968) · Cited by 5
Readability, Reading Ability, and Readership.
Kern, R. (1970) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 5
Brown, D. J. (1975) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162749 · Cited by 5
Hayes, G. W. (1966) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 5
(1973) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1973.10884594 · Cited by 5
The Relation between Maturity of Content and Simplicity of Style in Selected Books of Fiction
Jackman, M. E. (1941) · The Library Quarterly · doi:10.1086/615014 · Cited by 4
Denbow, C. J. (1973) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 3
Effects of reducing verbal content in computer-assisted instruction
Glman, D. A., & Moreau, N. A. (1969) · AV communication review · doi:10.1007/bf02767639 · Cited by 3
Readability of High School Text Passages before and after Revision
Hittleman, D. R., & Robinson, H. A. (1975) · Journal of Reading Behavior · doi:10.1080/10862967509547154 · Cited by 3
Geyer, J. R., & Carey, A. R. (1972) · Literacy Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388077209557187 · Cited by 2
McTaggart, A. C. (1962) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 25
- Allbaugh N. J., 1968, Comprehension of three levels of social studies material as designated by a readability formula
- Blue L. L., 1964, A study of the influence of certain factors in science materials on the reading comprehension of seventh grade pupils
- Brown D. J., 1975, American Educational Research Journal, 12, 491
- Cervone E. V., 1974, Achievement in and attitude towards senior high school U.S. history with reduced readability texts
- Doyle M., 1961, Readability as a key for evaluating junior college freshman anthologies
- Drake L. C., 1966, The effectiveness of a selected readability formula in the prediction of student success with technical and nontechnical reading materials
- Feldman M. E., 1964, The effects of learning by programmed and text format at three levels of difficulty
- Felix J. L., 1967, The development and evaluation of a prescription for more readable reporting of research in guidance and personnel work
- Froelich D. M., 1970, A comparison of two methods of assessing textbook readability of selected college level electronics textbooks
- Funkhouser G. R., 1971, Study on communicating science information to a lay audience, Phase II
- Hites R. W., 1950, The relation of readability and format to retention in communication
- Kincaid J. P., 1967, Use of the automated readability index to assess comprehensibility of Air Force Technical Orders
- Kulp M. J., 1974, The effects of position practice readability level on performance
- Laubach R. S., 1963, A study of communication to adults of limited reading ability by specially written materials
- Major A. G., 1955, Readability of college general biology textbooks and the probable effect of readability elements on comprehension
- Marshall J. S., 1956, The relationship between readability and comprehension of high school physics textbooks
- McWhorter K. T., 1974, The influence of passage organizational structure upon two estimates of readability
- Miller L. R., 1972, A comparative analysis of the predictive validities of four readability formulas
- Moore A. J., 1961, The preparation and evaluation of unit text materials for low-ability junior high school students
- Pitcher R. W., 1953, An experimental investigation of the Flesch readability formula as related to adult materials
- Rothkopf E. Z., 1972, Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge
- Schwimmer S., 1971, The relationship of readability to reading comprehension
- Thompson E. N., 1967, Readability and accessory remarks: Factors in problem solving in arithmetic
- Watson P. G., 1971, Readability and comprehension of written instructional materials in homogeneous groupings of vocational/technical students in an urban community college
- Williams D. L., 1964, The effect of rewritten science textbook material on the reading ability of sixth grade pupils
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Principles of Readability.
DuBay, W. H. (2004) · Cited by 780
The use of readability formulas in health care
Ley, P., & Florio, T. (1996) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548509608400003 · Cited by 359
Readability formulas: Cautions and criteria
Meade, C. D., & Smith, C. F. (1991) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(91)90017-y · Cited by 276
Linguistic feature based learning model for fake news detection and classification
Choudhary, A., & Arora, A. (2020) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114171 · Cited by 271
An Online Self-help CBT Intervention for Chronic Lower Back Pain
Carpenter, K. M., Stoner, S. A., Mundt, J. M., & Stoelb, B. (2012) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31822363db · Cited by 157
Metadata
- Authors
- Klare, G. R.
- Affiliations
- Ohio University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klare, George R.
- Venue
- Journal of Reading Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1976-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-152
- ISSN
- 0022-4111 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1491067015
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Reading Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Text Readability and Simplification
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- readability formulas, validity, reader comprehension, retention, interaction effects, text complexity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review