The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lessons From 20 Years of Human–Elephant Conflict Mitigation in Africa
Abstract
The further refinement and re-assessment of human–elephant conflict (HEC) mitigation methods that has occurred since 2003 can be summarized into biological, physical, and governance categories. The most important distinction is between those measures applied against animals and used within the conflict zone, which are mostly used in the shorter term (except some fencing), and those measures working with people in the longer term, which rely heavily on official policy and administration often situated beyond the conflict zone. Effective HEC mitigation is difficult to understand and problematic to implement; it remains a complex package of apparently disparate measures that have to be used in combination and flexibly, at different scales, for both animals and people. Future HEC mitigation will be as much an art as a science, but since we now have a solid research foundation, we can proceed with some confidence to address the inherent sociopolitical difficulties.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The imminent threats to African elephants include both poaching and human-elephant conflict (Campbell-Staton et al., 2021; Hauenstein et al., 2022; Hoare, 2015; Maisels et al., 2013; Schlossberg et al., 2020)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Hoare, 2015
Citations
Cites
Dickman, A., Macdonald, E. A., & Macdonald, D. W. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1012972108 · Cited by 468
Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. II. Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns
Sukumar, R. (1990) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467400004004 · Cited by 320
O'Connell‐Rodwell, C. E., Rodwell, T. C., Rice, M. E., & Hart, L. A. (2000) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00108-1 · Cited by 244
Sitati, N. W., Walpole, M. J., & Leader‐Williams, N. (2005) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01091.x · Cited by 187
Assessing farm-based measures for mitigating human-elephant conflict in Transmara District, Kenya
Sitati, N. W., & Walpole, M. J. (2006) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605306000834 · Cited by 183
Beehive fences as effective deterrents for crop-raiding elephants: field trials in northern Kenya
King, L. E., Douglas‐Hamilton, I., & Vollrath, F. W. (2011) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01275.x · Cited by 154
Hoare, R. E. (2012) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v51i.291 · Cited by 119
Self-citationChiyo, P. I., Moss, C. J., & Alberts, S. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031382 · Cited by 106
No risk, no gain: effects of crop raiding and genetic diversity on body size in male elephants
Chiyo, P. I., Lee, P. C., Moss, C. J., Archie, E. A., Hollister‐Smith, J. A., & Alberts, S. C. (2011) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arr016 · Cited by 94
Dublin, H., & Hoare, R. E. (2004) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871200490505701 · Cited by 74
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Anonymous, 2007, Conservation, 8, 10
- Anonymous, 2010, Africa Geographic, February, 23
- Anonymous, 2012, Conservation, 12, 51
- Anstey S., 2010, Human-elephant conflict Vertical Integration Model, Mozambique and Tanzania
- Hoare R. E., 1998, Wildlife electric fencing projects in communal areas of Zimbabwe—Current efficacy and future role
- Malugu T. L., 2010, Assessment of human-elephant conflicts in areas adjacent to Grumeti-Ikorongo Game Reserves, Northern Tanzania
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Management Strategies and Future Directions
Shaffer, L. J., Khadka, K. K., Hoek, J. V. D., & Naithani, K. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00235 · Cited by 416
Why social values cannot be changed for the sake of conservation
Manfredo, M. J., Bruskotter, J. T., Teel, T. L., Fulton, D. C., Schwartz, S. H., Arlinghaus, R., Oishi, S., Üskül, A. K., Redford, K. H., Kitayama, S., et al. (2016) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12855 · Cited by 332
Hahn, N. R., Mwakatobe, A., Konuche, J., de Souza, N., Keyyu, J. D., Goss, M., Chang'a, A., Palminteri, S., Dinerstein, E., & Olson, D. M. (2016) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605316000946 · Cited by 106
Osipova, L., Okello, M. M., Njumbi, S. J., Ngene, S., Western, D., Hayward, M. W., & Balkenhol, N. (2018) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13246 · Cited by 109
Chang'a, A., de, N. S., Muya, J., Keyyu, J. D., Mwakatobe, A., Malugu, L., Ndossi, H., Konuche, J., Omondi, R., Mpinge, A., et al. (2016) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291600900220 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoare, R.
- Corresponding author
- Hoare, Richard
- Venue
- Human Dimensions of Wildlife
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-07-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 289-295
- ISSN
- 1087-1209 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-158X
- OpenAlex
- W1599774932
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Dimensions of Wildlife (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- human-elephant conflict, conflict mitigation, elephant conservation, wildlife fencing, conflict governance, wildlife policy, human-wildlife coexistence, Africa
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
