Does Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence Contribute to Toddlers' Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors?

DeJonghe, Erika S.; von Eye, Alexander; Bogat, G. Anne; Levendosky, Alytia A.

doi:10.1080/10888691.2011.587713

Cited by 36Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

Does Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence Contribute to Toddlers' Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors?

DeJonghe, Erika S., von Eye, Alexander, Bogat, G. Anne, Levendosky, Alytia A.·2011·Applied Developmental Science

DOI 10.1080/10888691.2011.587713

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Abstract

This research examines the relationship between witnessing of intimate partner violence (IPV) and externalizing and internalizing behaviors using birth to age 3 data from a longitudinal study (N = 187). We hypothesized that for infants and toddlers, direct witnessing of IPV, compared to living in a household where IPV occurred, would be more disruptive of behavior because it affects the child's emotional security within the family. Findings supported our hypothesis. Children who witnessed IPV displayed more externalizing behaviors at ages 2 and 3 as compared to children who did not witness IPV or whose mothers were not victims. Findings highlight the importance of assessing whether infants and toddlers witness IPV, as this has implications for infant behavior as well as maternal parenting.

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In DeJonghe et al.'s (2011) study, 2- to 3-year-old children of mothers victimized by IPV were 2.72 and 3.48 times more likely to surpass the clinical cut-off for externalizing behaviour than children who had not been exposed to IPV.
“one study found that the 2- to 3-year-old children of mothers victimized by IPV were, respectively, 2.72 and 3.48 times more likely to surpass the clinical cut-off for externalizing behaviour than children who had not been exposed to IPV”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as DeJonghe, von Eye, Bogat, & Levendosky, 2011

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Tunc, O. (2026) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33794494
The Impact of Minor Intimate Partner Aggression on Child Conduct
Saldias, K. C. (2022) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.21084688
Long-term exposure to intimate partner violence and adolescents' internalizing symptoms: A repeated measures latent profile analysis
Chen, Y., Manley-Sayin, L., & Yoon, S. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107880

Intimate Partner Violence in the First 2 Years of Life: Implications for Toddlers’ Behavior Regulation
Easterbrooks, M. A., Katz, R. C., Kotake, C., Stelmach, N. P., & Chaudhuri, J. H. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515614562 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Exposure to Maternal- and Paternal-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence, Emotion Regulation, and Child Outcomes
Harding, H. G., Morelen, D. M., Thomassin, K., Bradbury, L., & Shaffer, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9487-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Maternal sensitivity and child behavior problems in the context of intimate partner violence.
Marvin, M. J., Nuttall, A. K., Bogat, G. A., Lonstein, J. S., Martinez‐Torteya, C., Muzik, M., & Levendosky, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0001529
Self-citation
Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence as a Child and Associated Consequences
Stiller, A., Neubert, C., & Krieg, Y. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211055147 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence and maternal incarceration as cumulative risk for the development of child behavior problems
Ellis, L. A. (2025) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/wxgt-0r10

Authors: DeJonghe, E. S., von Eye, A., Bogat, G. A., & Levendosky, A. A.
Affiliations: California Polytechnic State University (US)
Michigan State University
Michigan State University (US)
Corresponding author: DeJonghe, Erika S.
ORCID: Bogat, G. Anne
Levendosky, Alytia A.
Venue: Applied Developmental Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-06-27
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 129-139
ISSN: 1088-8691 (ISSN-L)
1532-480X
DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2011.587713
OpenAlex: W1985688171
Cited by: 36
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 1.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Applied Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: intimate partner violence, witnessing violence, toddlers, infants, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, child behavior problems, parenting, emotional safety, early childhood

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Does Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence Contribute to Toddlers' Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors?

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