Helminth parasites of the red fox Vulpes vulpes(L., 1758) and the wolf Canis lupus italicus Altobello, 1921 in Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Open accessAbstract
In the period 2013–2014 a survey was carried out on the helminthic fauna of 60 wild canids, 57 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and three wolves (Canis lupus italicus), collected in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. The study focused mainly on the gastrointestinal and hepatic helminths. Parasites were recovered in 91.2% of the red foxes and in all the wolves examined. Multiple infections were found in the majority of the animals (71.9% of the foxes and 100% of the wolves). In total, 14 intestinal helminth species were identified, two trematodes (Alaria alata, Brachylaima spp.), seven cestodes (Mesocestoides spp., Taenia crassiceps, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia polyacantha, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia ovis, Taenia hydatigena) and five nematodes (Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Pterigodermatites affinis, Ancylostoma caninum). The heartworm Dirofilaria immitis was also recovered in two foxes. No Echinococcus spp. were found. Our study shows that foxes are reservoir hosts of zoonotic parasites, including A. alata, a rare digenean trematode in the Italian paeninsula. Results are compared with those of other surveys on helminths of wild canids carried out in Italy and other European countries.
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The analysis of all Taenia tapeworms together without distinguishing species makes it hard to conclude definitely about regional differences.
“It is hard to conclude definitely because we analyzed all tapeworms from Taenia genus together without distinguishing species (e.g., T. crassiceps, T. pisiformis, T. polyacantha, T. hydatigena, and T. taeniaeformis) [1,8,16] which have different lifecycles with various intermediate hosts.”
From Distribution of Parasitic Helminths in the Small Intestine of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The passages in our indexed copy are a repository record listing an accepted manuscript, not the manuscript’s text (repository entry, no page number). Searches for the named Taenia species, intermediate hosts, and regional differences found no passage addressing whether grouping species limits the conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn other parts of Europe, the percentage of A. alata infected foxes differs depending on the investigation and region, from very high to moderate and low to areas where these trematodes were not detected.
“In other parts of Europe, the percentage of A. alata infected foxes differs depending on the investigation (and region) from very high [3,34], moderate, and low [1,8,12,18,19,35] to areas where these trematodes were not detected [17,36,37].”
From Distribution of Parasitic Helminths in the Small Intestine of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Citation [34] is attached to the claim of very high A. alata infection in foxes. The indexed Abstract reports A. alata among parasites found in foxes in Emilia-Romagna, but gives no infection percentage for that species; its 91.2% figure is for parasites overall. Searches for A. alata prevalence and very high infection found no passage establishing the attributed level. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe prevalence of Toxocara/Toxascaris nematodes in the study was similar to results obtained in other Polish regions and Europe.
“In the present study, the prevalence of these nematodes was similar to results obtained in other Polish regions [14,31,38,41] and Europe [1,2,3,8,10,13,16,19,37].”
From Distribution of Parasitic Helminths in the Small Intestine of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The available copy is an IRIS repository entry that lists a manuscript file but provides no prevalence results or comparison with Polish regions or Europe. Searches for Toxocara, Toxascaris, and Polish prevalence found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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Cites
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Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores
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Taeniid cestodes in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem
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BackgroundGastrointestinal helminths of wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) in Piedmont, north-western Italy.
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“Variance to mean ratios were 13.10 (Fiocchi et al., 2016), 13.3 (Miljevic et al., 2019), 19 (Saeed et al., 2006) and 20.45 (Richards et al., 1995).”
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“ovis, even though they were previously reported in red foxes [54,55], are uncommon species in the red fox parasitic biocenosis as they are more closely connected with wild and domestic ungulates that are infrequent fox prey.”
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“Previous studies carried out in Spain indicate that the prevalence of up to 2.5% in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula (Gortázar 1997 and Segovia et al. 2004).”
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“In Italy, A. alata has been reported with low prevalence in wild boars and red foxes in northern Italy (Fiocchi et al., 2016; Gazzonis et al., 2018), and in few wolves from Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, central Italy (Molnar et al., 2019).”
Predicting the risk of Alaria alata infestation in wild boar on the basis of environmental factors
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Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)
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“…[46] Coprological diagnostics [82,125] Intestines Adult stage of A. alata Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) [11,20,31,52,58,67, 74,79,81,83,86,93, 94,123,130,136] Intestinal scraping technique (IST) [12,44,53,56,66,88, 90,91,118,119,142] Shaking in a vessel technique (SVT)…”
InfluentialPilarczyk, B., Tomza–Marciniak, A., Pilarczyk, R., Bąkowska, M., Rząd, I., Stapf, A., Felska‐Błaszczyk, L., Tylkowska, A., & Seremak, B. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13060490 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The prevalence of A. alata in red foxes varies widely between countries in Europe, i.e., from 1.2% in Slovakia [26] to 5.3% in Italy [27], 25.6% in Serbia [28], to as high as 94.8% in Lithuania [29].”
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A coprological survey on helminths of Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758 in Kashmir Himalaya
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“Additionally, the role of paratenic hosts is central to the epidemiology of T. canis , with much higher prevalence reported in canids that prey on small vertebrates [54,57,60,61].”
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“Many of the helminth genera discovered in this study have been recorded in closely related canid species [14, 32, 33].”
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“…Taenia species within the cestode class, including Taenia hydatigena , Taenia crassiceps , Taenia pisiformis , Taenia polyacantha , Taenia serialis , and Taenia taeniaeformis , as well as E. multilocularis , Dipylidium caninum , and Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides , have been documented [8, 15, 16].”
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Prevalence of intestinal nematodes of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-west Poland
Tylkowska, A., Pilarczyk, B., Tomza-Marciniak, A., & Pilarczyk, R. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-21823/v1
“12.3% of tested foxes were found to be infected in Italy (27), 7.0% in Sweden (39), 5,5% in Switzerland (6), 4.8% in Ukraine (36) and 1.6% in Norway (38).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Fiocchi, A., Gustinelli, A., Gelmini, L., Rugna, G., Renzi, M., Fontana, M. C., & Poglayen, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Modena, Italy
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Fiocchi, A.
- Venue
- Italian Journal of Zoology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-10-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 503-513
- ISSN
- 1125-0003 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2555241120
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- The European Zoological Journal (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
- Keywords
- helminths, red fox, Italian wolf, Canis lupus italicus, wild canids, gastrointestinal helminths, Alaria alata, Brachylaima, Mesocestoides, Taenia, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Ancylostoma caninum, Dirofilaria immitis, zoonotic parasites, reservoir hosts, Emilia-Romagna
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