The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 8 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey
Open accessAbstract
The construction and politicization of Kurdish ethno‐nationalism in Turkey evolved in five stages. The state's policies are the determinant factors in the evolution and modulation of the Kurdish ethno‐nationalism. Each stage examines the state‐society relations and the way in which the Kurdish identity has been framed. The article argues that the major reason for the politicization of Kurdish cultural identity is the shift from multi‐ethnic, multi‐cultural realities of the Ottoman empire to the nation‐state model. The new order of forced homogenizing of Turkish nationalism has been the major source of conflict in Turkey. The relatively successful modernization project of Mustafa Kemal in education, urbanization, and communication did not only create regional differences, but also helped to create a conscious Kurdish ethnic elite. After examining the role of Islam and communism as a ‘surrogate identity’ for Kurdish nationalism, the article also analyzes the processes of ‘autonomization’ of the Kurdish identity in the 1980s. Turkey must recognize the cultural rights of the Kurds and search for a new social contract in which the cultural mosaic of Turkey can flourish.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
77 Own interpretation · 14 Own result · 9 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 3 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EU Helsinki summit on 10-11 December 1999, declared Turkey 'is a candidate state destined to join the Union on the basis of the same criteria as applied to the other candidate states.'”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, Hizbullah, a fundamentalist religious organization, used weapons that were imported by the governor of Batman.27”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The conflict has eroded the rule of law, and the state has used ultra rightist gangsters and religious fanatics to fight against Kurdish nationalists.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Then he took refugee in Rome and eventually the Turkish military brought him to Turkey from Nairobi, Kenya on 16 February 1999.29”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The army also voiced concern that allowing Kurdish-language broadcasts in the country as required to join the European Union could damage the integrity of the state.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
33 more claims
Create a free account to see all 109 claims and every source verdict.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 38
- It may state two separate claims as one. 45
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Abstract
“The fourth stage (1983-98) is the PKK-led violent insurgency.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)
“## Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Abstract
“The third stage (1962-83) examines the secularization of Kurdish identity”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage III: Secularization of the Kurdish Question through Socialism (1961-83)
“## Stage III: Secularization of the Kurdish Question through Socialism (1961-83)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage III: Secularization of the Kurdish Question through Socialism (1961-83)
“the PKK launched an armed uprising to defeat the Turkish state in 1984.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
“Since the 1983 insurrection the Kurds have grown accustomed to being despised and rejected.”
Citations
Cites
(1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,500
The Ethnic Origins of Nations.
Pahl, D., & Smith, A. D. (1990) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2546562 · Cited by 3,269
Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism
Legvold, R., & Volkan, V. D. (1998) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048837 · Cited by 754
The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism
Mann, M. L., & Nairn, T. (1978) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/589681 · Cited by 713
Hechter, M. (2001) · doi:10.1093/019924751x.001.0001 · Cited by 666
McDowall, D. (2021) · I.B.Tauris eBooks · doi:10.5040/9780755600762 · Cited by 474
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism.
Omvedt, G., & Young, C. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065945 · Cited by 462
The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism
Magyar, K. P., & Nairn, T. (1978) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/447253 · Cited by 345
The Kurdish question and Turkey: an example of a trans-state ethnic conflict
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-2955 · Cited by 280
Journal of contemporary history
(2017) · Journal of Contemporary History · doi:10.22586/csp.v49i1 · Cited by 258
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Bruinessen Martin van, 1992, Agha, Shaikh and State
- Held David, 1995, Modernity, 55
- Subaşi Necdet, 1999, Islamiyat, 2, 121
- Middle East Watch, 1993, Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
- Hakan Yavuz M., 2000, Aleviler: Identität und Geschichte, 1, 75
- Kara Ismail, 1998, Seyhefendinin Rüyasindaki Türkiye, 69
- Göldaş Ismail, 1991, Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti
- Göldaş Ismail, 2000, Lozan: ‘Biz Türkler ve Kürtler’
- Şimşek Halil, 2000, Şeyh Sa ‘id isyani ve PKK
- Besikci Ismail, 1992, Doğu Mitingleri ‘nin Analizi (1967)
- Aktay Yasin, 2001, Tezkire, 33
- Gözde Mert, 2001, Turkish Daily News
- 1998, Hürriyet
- Weiner Tim, 1999, New York Times
- Gee Marcus, 1999, The Globe and Mail (Toronto)
- Smith Helena, 1999, Observer (London)
- Berkan Ismet, 1999, Radikal (Istanbul)
- 1999, New York Times, 8
- 1999, Briefing, 11
- Öymen Onur, 2000, Radikal
- Özgürel Avni, 2000, Radikal
Cited by
“There Is an Istanbul That Belongs to Me”: Citizenship, Space, and Identity in the City
Secor, A. J. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402012.x · Cited by 256
“Consistent with Kemalist ideals of nationalism and citizenship, Turkey has historically viewed emergent claims to Kurdish linguistic, cultural, or political rights as sources of instability and threats to national unity ( Rygiel 1998 ; Ergil 2000 ; Yavuz 2001 ).”
BackgroundRace, Assimilation and Kemalism: Turkish Nationalism and the Minorities in the 1930s
Cagaptay, S. (2004) · Middle Eastern Studies · doi:10.1080/0026320042000213474 · Cited by 105
“For instance, it treated Kurdish resistance with considerable force.(9) As for the Jews, Ankara hoped for their assimilation, too.”
BackgroundThe Kurdish Question and Turkey's Justice and Development Party
Yavuz, M. H., & Özcan, N. A. (2006) · Middle East Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2006.00241.x · Cited by 90
Self-citationActivists in office: Pro-Kurdish contentious politics in Turkey
Watts, N. F. (2006) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449050600655235 · Cited by 84
“Yavuz, 2001 ; White, 2000 ; Gunter, 1997 ; McDowall, 1996 ).”
Gunter, M. M. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230338944 · Cited by 76
Turkish secularism and Islam under the reign of Erdoğan
Yavuz, M. H., & Öztürk, A. E. (2019) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1580828 · Cited by 77
“The practice of laiklik in Turkey outlawed the social and political claims of Islamic identity as well as ethnic ones, as in the case of Kurds (Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationResettlement, Rights to Development and the Ilisu Dam, Turkey
Morvaridi, B. (2004) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/j.0012-155x.2004.00377.x · Cited by 57
Violence and nationalist mobilization: the onset of the Kurdish insurgency in Turkey
Tezcür, G. M. (2014) · Nationalities Papers · doi:10.1080/00905992.2014.970527 · Cited by 54
“The scholarly literature on the Kurdish question often treats the PKK as a natural outcome of the exclusionary and repressive policies of the Turkish state (e.g. Olson 1996; McDowall 2000; Yavuz 2001; Natali 2005).”
BackgroundIşik, O., & Pınarcıoğlu, M. M. (2007) · European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie · doi:10.1007/s10680-006-9111-5 · Cited by 51
STATE BUILDING AND THE LIMITS OF LEGIBILITY: KINSHIP NETWORKS AND KURDISH RESISTANCE IN TURKEY
Belge, C. (2011) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743810001212 · Cited by 45
"The White Turkish Man’s Burden" : Orientalism, Kemalism and the Kurds in Turkey
Zeydanlıoğlu, W. (2008) · Cambridge Scholars' Publishing · Cited by 44
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
Guntsadze, M. (2020) · PEOPLE International Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.20319/pijss.2019.53.814821 · Cited by 43
Dunaway, W. A. (2003) · Journal of World-Systems Research · doi:10.5195/jwsr.2003.258 · Cited by 40
Weiss, M. (2016) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2016.1228456 · Cited by 40
Sarıgil, Z. (2009) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870903118114 · Cited by 40
Resurgence and Remaking of Identity
Somer, M. (2005) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414005277268 · Cited by 40
Wuthrich, F. M. (2015) · Syracuse University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1j2n6f9 · Cited by 37
Who supports secession? The determinants of secessionist attitudes among T urkey's K urds
Sarıgil, Z., & Karakoç, E. (2016) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/nana.12150 · Cited by 35
“It is well-known that the PKK emerged out of the revolutionary left in Turkey in the late 1970s with a goal of establishing a united Kurdistan based on Marxist-Leninist principles (see also Criss 1995; Jongerden and Akkaya 2011; Ozcan 1999; Taspinar 2005; Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundReligion and ethno‐nationalism: T urkey's K urdish issue
Sarıgil, Z., & Fazlıoğlu, Ö. (2013) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/nana.12011 · Cited by 35
“The rebellion incorporated ethno-nationalist and religious motivations and goals (Entessar 1992: 84; Jwaideh 2006: 209–10; Yavuz 2001: 8).”
BackgroundInfluentialKurdish Nationalism and Identity in Turkey: A Conceptual Reinterpretation
Tezcür, G. M. (2009) · European journal of Turkish studies · doi:10.4000/ejts.4008 · Cited by 34
Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey
Sarıgil, Z. (2013) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x13504573 · Cited by 33
“A state of emergency remained in force in several Kurdish provinces between 1987 and 2002, which enhanced military pressure in the region.22 The military, which strongly advocates a unitary, centralized nation–state based on Turkish nationalism, has been critical of granting further cultural and/or political rights to…”
BackgroundInfluentialSemi‐Authoritarian Incorporation and Autocratic Militarism in Turkey
Jacoby, T. (2005) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/j.0012-155x.2005.00428.x · Cited by 31
“In short, the OHAL region became increasingly ‘subjected to a different legal and administrative rule from the rest of the country’ (Hakan Yavuz, 2001: 13).”
Dunaway, W. A., & Clelland, D. A. (2017) · Journal of World-Systems Research · doi:10.5195/jwsr.2017.598 · Cited by 31
Oppression, Solidarity, Resistance: The Forging of Kurdish Identity in Turkey
Gourlay, W. (2017) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449057.2017.1339425 · Cited by 29
“In contrast, the Turkish state long framed Kurdish resistance as illegitimate, seeking to justify its harsh responses to Kurdish agitation (Yavuz, 2001, p. 8).”
BackgroundAl, S. (2014) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449057.2014.937638 · Cited by 28
Yılmaz, İ., Demir, M., & Shipoli, E. A. (2021) · Australian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1080/10361146.2021.2007848 · Cited by 28
“However, these oppressive policies have become counterproductive and have provoked the Kurds to demand national political rights (Vali 2003; Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Turkish secularism in the 21th century: a contextual roadmap
Yavuz, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1576367 · Cited by 30
“The most powerful claimmaking force has been the Islamic movement, along with Kurdish ethno-nationalism (Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAl, S. (2019) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1578052 · Cited by 27
“…for the sake of Tanzimat era’s centralization efforts in the 1840s and 1850s, local Kurdish Islamic networks and religious authority figures in Naqshbandi orders such as Sheikh Ubeydullah benefited from the power vacuum, became politicized and resisted against Ottoman centralization (Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundTürkmen, G. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197511817.001.0001 · Cited by 28
Exploring the roots and dynamics of K urdish ethno‐nationalism in T urkey
Sarıgil, Z., & Fazlıoğlu, Ö. (2014) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/nana.12058 · Cited by 22
“…(1992, 2000); Casier and Jongerden (2011); Entessar (1992); Gunter (1990, 1997); Heper (2007); Jwaideh (2006); Kirişçi and Winrow (1997); McDowall (1996); Olson (1996); Ozkirimli (2013); Romano (2006); Saatci (2002); Somer (2005); Watts (1999); White (2000); Yavuz (2001); Yegen (1996, 2007, 2011).”
Harris, L. M. (2009) · European journal of Turkish studies · doi:10.4000/ejts.4122 · Cited by 19
The Evolving Kurdish Question in Turkey
Gurses, M. (2020) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2020.1770448 · Cited by 17
“…against Turkey in 1984, and since has been ‘the hegemonic force in Kurdish resistance in Turkey’.11 By the 1990s, the group had turned into ‘a mass movement with 5 M. Hakan Yavuz (2001) Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 7(3), p. 1.”
BackgroundPositing “not-yet-nationalism”: limits to the impact of nationalism theory on Kurdish historiography
Maxwell, A., & Smith, T. (2015) · Nationalities Papers · doi:10.1080/00905992.2015.1049135 · Cited by 16
“For Yavuz (2001, 11), only the Kurdistan Worker's Party (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistani, PKK), founded in 1978, enabled Kurdish nationalism to transcend competing religious and tribal loyalties: "Kurdish nationalism offered a space within which class and regional differences could be surpassed," Yavuz…”
BackgroundNational frenemies: linguistic intergroup attitudes in Canada
Medeiros, M. (2017) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2017.1406610 · Cited by 21
Turkey's Military Victory over the PKK and Its Failure to End the PKK Insurgency
Pusane, Ö. K. (2015) · Middle Eastern Studies · doi:10.1080/00263206.2014.979801 · Cited by 15
Ethnic Kurds, Endogenous Identities, and Turkey's Democratization and Integration with Europe
Somer, M. (2002) · Global Review of Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/14718800208405114 · Cited by 15
Conker, A. (2018) · Nationalities Papers · doi:10.1080/00905992.2018.1473353 · Cited by 14
Kaya, A. (2010) · International Journal of Legal Information · doi:10.1017/s0731126500005746 · Cited by 14
“Any press is good press?” Rebel political wings, media freedom, and terrorism in civil wars
Keels, E., & Kinney, J. (2018) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2019.1522309 · Cited by 13
Social (Dis)organization and Terror related Crimes in Turkey
Başıbüyük, O. (2008) · doi:10.12794/metadc9796 · Cited by 13
Rights and Development-Induced Displacement: Risk Management or Social Protection?
Morvaridi, B. (2008) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230583009_3 · Cited by 13
Humbling Turkishness: Undoing the Strategies of Exclusion and Inclusion of T urkish Modernity
Demir, İ. (2014) · Journal of Historical Sociology · doi:10.1111/johs.12054 · Cited by 12
“…and presented the Kurdish rebellions of the 1920s and 1930s as reactionary, backward, religiously-oriented, and irrational, the work of bandits who longed for the old order, an order which the new republic was working hard to eradicate (Zeydanlıoğlu 2008; Bozarslan 2007; Watts 2007; Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundFrom War to Democracy: Transborder Kurdish Conflict and Democratization
Gurses, M. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137409997_13 · Cited by 12
Paths are what actors make of them
Sarıgil, Z. (2009) · Critical Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/19460170903158214 · Cited by 12
The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
Yadirgi, V. (2017) · Cited by 11
Torture and Turkification in the Diyarbakır Military Prison
Zeydanlıoğlu, W. (2009) · Cited by 11
Greed, grievance, or graduates? Why do men rebel?
Ives, B., & Breslawski, J. (2021) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433211014269 · Cited by 11
“The 1980 coup and high levels of government repression contributed further to the idea that Kurds had little ability to act politically except through immigration to Europe or violence (Yavuz, 2001), further solidifying support among educated populations for the PKK (Criss, 1995).”
BackgroundAn Overview of Turkey’s Policy Development in TESOL and Multilingualism
Gezer, M. Ü., & Dixon, L. Q. (2021) · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3603-5_20 · Cited by 10
Morisi, D. (2018) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912918771529 · Cited by 11
Al, S. (2014) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2014.991541 · Cited by 9
“Although the Kurdish ethnic identity has hitherto existed, its politicization, turning into a pro-Kurdish insurgency, has been a product of post-Ottoman policies which totally rejected the decentralized and multiethnic structure of the Ottoman society and polity (Yavuz, 2001).”
BackgroundWhy Aren't Kurds Like the Scots and the Turks Like the Brits?
Somer, M. (2008) · Cooperation and Conflict · doi:10.1177/0010836708089083 · Cited by 9
Decolonisation and post‐independence causes of conflict: The case of cyprus
Richmond, O. P. (2002) · Civil Wars · doi:10.1080/13698240208402511 · Cited by 9
The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: The Central Role of Identity Recognition (or Lack Thereof)
Mohammed, S. J., & Romano, D. (2023) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449057.2023.2275229 · Cited by 11
“Others (including Ergil, 2000; Gunter, 2018; Gurses, 2018; Manafy, 2005; McDowall, 1992; Ozcelik, 2006; Romano, 2006; Yavuz, 2001), hypothesize about how the abandonment of the Ottoman Empire’s multiculturalism and the mono-nationalism of the new Turkish state sparked Kurdish disaffection and then…”
Self-Identification of Indigeneity within Turkey’s Kurdish Political Movement
Unal, A. (2022) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2022.2092669 · Cited by 9
Education in Kurdistan Region at the Intersection of Nationalism and Democracy
Wahab, A. A. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.22635.62244 · Cited by 7
Hyphenated Turkishness: The plurality of lived nationhood in Turkey
Al, S., & Karell, D. (2015) · Nationalities Papers · doi:10.1080/00905992.2015.1087485 · Cited by 5
Ethnic Groups at ‘Critical Junctures’: The Laz vs. Kurds
Sarıgil, Z. (2012) · Middle Eastern Studies · doi:10.1080/00263206.2011.652778 · Cited by 7
Studying Kurdishness in Turkey: A review of existing research
Acar, Y. G., Önal, E. S., Şen, E., & Uysal, M. S. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12842 · Cited by 11
Imported criminalisation: the Kurdish diaspora after Sweden and Finland’s accession to NATO
Ventura, F. (2026) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2026.2624628 · Cited by 6
“The PKK has shaped Kurdish national identity (van Bruinessen 2016; Yavuz 2001), and the Memorandum appears aimed at silencing undesired Kurdish voices, with the concrete risk of extending repression to an entire national movement.”
Beyond identity: the desirability and possibility of policies of multilingualism
Rubin, A. (2016) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2016.1192176 · Cited by 6
“Contemporary critics of the nation-state argue that hegemonic, exclusivist states that acknowledge and promote only one culture – that of the dominant group – at the expense of other minority cultures that endure on the same territory are inherently inferior where democracy is considered (May 2008; Peleg 2007; Yiftahe…”
BackgroundTHE CONTEMPORARY ROOTS OF KURDISH NATIONALISM IN IRAQ
Gunter, M. M. (2013) · Cited by 6
Transboundary Water Dispute over the Euphrates and Tigris River Basin
TANAKA, Y., & Nakayama, M. (2010) · JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES · doi:10.3178/jjshwr.23.144 · Cited by 6
Latent dynamics of movement formation: The Kurdish case in Turkey (1940s–1960s)
Özen, H. (2014) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392114558074 · Cited by 6
“Holding the view that the coercive assimilation politics adopted by the Turkish state created a total quiescence on the part of the Kurdish people in the 1940s and 1950s (see Van Bruinessen, 1992; Kirişçi and Winrow, 1997; White, 2000), such studies argue that Kurdish mobilizations emerged in the 1960s due to the libe…”
BackgroundUysal, M. S., Şen, E., Önal, E. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.13241 · Cited by 4
“The Kurdish ethnic and cultural identity was systematically denied by the state until the mid-1990s, with the denial often accompanied by explicit state violence (Yavuz, 2001).”
BackgroundAsari, H., Ritonga, M., Nursalimah, N., Megawati, B., Ruwaidah, R., & Watrianthos, R. (2024) · International Journal of Changes in Education · doi:10.47852/bonviewijce42023100 · Cited by 4
Place & Power: A study of Kurdish identity in Turkey
Husain, S., & Ahamed, M. F. (2021) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-021-10498-z · Cited by 4
“The subsequently issues Kurdish nationalism, the hegemony of Turkish (linguistics, culture and others), autonomy, recognition of identity, and others (Cizre, 2004; Gourlay, 2018; Gunes & Yadirgi, 2020; Gunes, 2009; Park, 2005; Ünver, 2016; Yavuz, 2001).”
BackgroundThe Kobani Events and Contesting Political Discourses on the Kurdish Question in Turkey
Gerim, G., & Gerim, G. (2020) · ORBIS SCHOLAE · doi:10.14712/1803-8220/41_2019 · Cited by 4
Tezcan, T. (2018) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2018.1540305 · Cited by 4
KURDISH IDENTITY AND SPORTS IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF AMEDSPOR
Irak, D. (2018) · Society Register · doi:10.14746/sr.2018.2.1.04 · Cited by 4
Human Security Versus National Security: Kurds, Turkey and Syrian Rojava
Al, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53715-3_3 · Cited by 6
Narratives of ethnicity and nationalism : a case study of Circassians in Jordan
Assab, N. A. (2011) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · Cited by 4
Thinking Theoretically about the Kurds
Gunter, M. M. (2021) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2021.1957561 · Cited by 3
“31 M. Hakan Yavuz (2001) Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 7 (Autumn), p. 1.”
BackgroundMofidi, S. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture · doi:10.22373/ijihc.v2i1.830 · Cited by 3
Rival Consolidation in Nascent Insurrections: Why Some Militant Groups Wage Sustained Insurgencies
Shkolnik, M. (2020) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-13977 · Cited by 3
The Rise of Kurdish Theatre in Istanbul
BAŞ, E. (2015) · Theatre Survey · doi:10.1017/s0040557415000289 · Cited by 3
The importance of language : the impact of linguistic vitality on intergroup tensions
Medeiros, M. (2014) · doi:10.71781/20004 · Cited by 3
INSTRUMENTAL AND SYMBOLIC SOURCES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT: APPLICATION TO THE KURDISH CONFLICT IN TURKEY
Eriten, N. D., & Romine, J. (2008) · Cited by 3
O’Connor, F. P., Çelik, A., Işık, A., & Jongerden, J. (2026) · Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/sena.70015 · Cited by 3
Military influence in civilian institutions: analyzing ethnic group political and economic exclusion
Ahmed, B. (2025) · Defence and Peace Economics · doi:10.1080/10242694.2025.2561876 · Cited by 3
Sortir de la lutte armée : dissonances cognitives et contradictions normatives. Le cas du PKK
Lafaye, C. G. (2022) · Revue internationale de politique comparée · doi:10.3917/ripc.pr4.0001 · Cited by 2
Between the Lines: ‗Al Qaeda', ‗Islamic Extremism' and the Authorship of Critique
Fitzgerald, J. (2014) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University) · Cited by 2
Sonnenschein, F., & van Meijl, T. (2014) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2014.881737 · Cited by 3
“Ethnicity became the core component of Kurdish resistance and increasingly important in Kurdish society (Houston 2001, Yavuz 2001).”
BackgroundThe Uneasy Democratization of Turkey's Laic-Ethnocracy
Azgın, B. (2012) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2
Counterterrorism as a boundary-producing practice: Turkey’s war on the PKK in the 1980s
Beyribey, T. (2023) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2023.2281035 · Cited by 1
“In other words, the PKK questioned the Region’s ‘Turkishness’ (Bozarslan 2000; Yavuz 2001).”
InfluentialNationalism, history and civilization in Öcalan’s thought
Türk, H. B. (2021) · National Identities · doi:10.1080/14608944.2021.2011849 · Cited by 1
Ethnicity and confidence in government: the case of Turkish-minority relations
Bhasin, T., Butcher, C., & Gumustekin, D. (2017) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2017.1365234 · Cited by 1
Critical discourse analysis on the news about terrorism: An analytical study on Turkish media
Töngür, A., & Kara, H. B. (2016) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3663 · Cited by 1
“These developments provided a suitable environment for Kurdish Nationalists to support their arguments (Kutschera, 1994, Yavuz, 2001, Bozarslan, 2003).”
BackgroundTurkish foreign policy towards the Kurdistan Regional Government (2003-2013) : a globalist analysis
Demir, M. (2015) · Cited by 1
Dynamics of Ethnic Conflicts in Turkey from the Perspective of Problems
Kalay, G. (2014) · The Russian academic journal/The Russian academic journal · doi:10.15535/259 · Cited by 1
CONSTRUCTING KURDISH NATIONALIST IDENTITY THROUGH LYRICAL NARRATIVES IN POPULAR MUSIC
Dönmez, R. Ö. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
The Effect of Modernization on Ethnic Conflict: The Kurdish Question in Turkey
Maiya, Y. (2012) · Cited by 1
STRATEGIC CONSTRUCTIONS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY BY POLITICAL LEADERS IN TURKEY
Okuyan, M. (2012) · Cited by 1
EU Integration Process : Prospects and Challenges for Turkey
Kaya, A. (2005) · Wspólnoty Europejskie · Cited by 1
Islamization of Foreign Policy and Neo-Ottomanism
Yavuz, M. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197848302.003.0012
Self-citationFoundations of Turkish Foreign Policy
Yavuz, M. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197848302.003.0004
Self-citationThe Cold War Legacy: The Fusion of Islam and Nationalism
Yavuz, M. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197848302.003.0006
Self-citationEuropeanization and Its Impacts (2002–2010)
Yavuz, M. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197848302.003.0011
Self-citationIntroduction: Theorizing the Torn Republic: Identity and Foreign Policy
Yavuz, M. H. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197848302.003.0001
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Yavuz, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yavuz, M. Hakan
- ORCID
- Yavuz, M. Hakan
- Venue
- Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 1353-7113 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-2986
- OpenAlex
- W2076027709
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 13.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nationalism and Ethnic Politics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California Humanities Research Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Turkey's Politics and Society
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Historical Turkish Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
- Keywords
- Kurdish nationalism, politicization of identity, state-society relations, Turkish nationalism, nation-state model, Ottoman Empire, Kurdish autonomy, cultural rights, social contract, ethnic conflict, Turkey
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
