The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 8 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey
Open accessAbstract
The construction and politicization of Kurdish ethno‐nationalism in Turkey evolved in five stages. The state's policies are the determinant factors in the evolution and modulation of the Kurdish ethno‐nationalism. Each stage examines the state‐society relations and the way in which the Kurdish identity has been framed. The article argues that the major reason for the politicization of Kurdish cultural identity is the shift from multi‐ethnic, multi‐cultural realities of the Ottoman empire to the nation‐state model. The new order of forced homogenizing of Turkish nationalism has been the major source of conflict in Turkey. The relatively successful modernization project of Mustafa Kemal in education, urbanization, and communication did not only create regional differences, but also helped to create a conscious Kurdish ethnic elite. After examining the role of Islam and communism as a ‘surrogate identity’ for Kurdish nationalism, the article also analyzes the processes of ‘autonomization’ of the Kurdish identity in the 1980s. Turkey must recognize the cultural rights of the Kurds and search for a new social contract in which the cultural mosaic of Turkey can flourish.
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Claims the paper makes
77 Own interpretation · 14 Own result · 9 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 3 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EU Helsinki summit on 10-11 December 1999, declared Turkey 'is a candidate state destined to join the Union on the basis of the same criteria as applied to the other candidate states.'”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, Hizbullah, a fundamentalist religious organization, used weapons that were imported by the governor of Batman.27”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The conflict has eroded the rule of law, and the state has used ultra rightist gangsters and religious fanatics to fight against Kurdish nationalists.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Then he took refugee in Rome and eventually the Turkish military brought him to Turkey from Nairobi, Kenya on 16 February 1999.29”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The army also voiced concern that allowing Kurdish-language broadcasts in the country as required to join the European Union could damage the integrity of the state.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Abstract
“The fourth stage (1983-98) is the PKK-led violent insurgency.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)
“## Stage IV: The Emergence of the PKK (1983-99)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Abstract
“The third stage (1962-83) examines the secularization of Kurdish identity”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage III: Secularization of the Kurdish Question through Socialism (1961-83)
“## Stage III: Secularization of the Kurdish Question through Socialism (1961-83)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage III: Secularization of the Kurdish Question through Socialism (1961-83)
“the PKK launched an armed uprising to defeat the Turkish state in 1984.”
§ Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey > Stage V: The Kurdish Problem as a European Problem: The Post-Helsinki Situation
“Since the 1983 insurrection the Kurds have grown accustomed to being despised and rejected.”
Citations
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Journal of contemporary history
(2017) · Journal of Contemporary History · doi:10.22586/csp.v49i1 · Cited by 258
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- Held David, 1995, Modernity, 55
- Subaşi Necdet, 1999, Islamiyat, 2, 121
- Middle East Watch, 1993, Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
- Hakan Yavuz M., 2000, Aleviler: Identität und Geschichte, 1, 75
- Kara Ismail, 1998, Seyhefendinin Rüyasindaki Türkiye, 69
- Göldaş Ismail, 1991, Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti
- Göldaş Ismail, 2000, Lozan: ‘Biz Türkler ve Kürtler’
- Şimşek Halil, 2000, Şeyh Sa ‘id isyani ve PKK
- Besikci Ismail, 1992, Doğu Mitingleri ‘nin Analizi (1967)
- Aktay Yasin, 2001, Tezkire, 33
- Gözde Mert, 2001, Turkish Daily News
- 1998, Hürriyet
- Weiner Tim, 1999, New York Times
- Gee Marcus, 1999, The Globe and Mail (Toronto)
- Smith Helena, 1999, Observer (London)
- Berkan Ismet, 1999, Radikal (Istanbul)
- 1999, New York Times, 8
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- Öymen Onur, 2000, Radikal
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Cited by
“There Is an Istanbul That Belongs to Me”: Citizenship, Space, and Identity in the City
Secor, A. J. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402012.x · Cited by 256
“Consistent with Kemalist ideals of nationalism and citizenship, Turkey has historically viewed emergent claims to Kurdish linguistic, cultural, or political rights as sources of instability and threats to national unity ( Rygiel 1998 ; Ergil 2000 ; Yavuz 2001 ).”
BackgroundRace, Assimilation and Kemalism: Turkish Nationalism and the Minorities in the 1930s
Cagaptay, S. (2004) · Middle Eastern Studies · doi:10.1080/0026320042000213474 · Cited by 105
“For instance, it treated Kurdish resistance with considerable force.(9) As for the Jews, Ankara hoped for their assimilation, too.”
BackgroundThe Kurdish Question and Turkey's Justice and Development Party
Yavuz, M. H., & Özcan, N. A. (2006) · Middle East Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2006.00241.x · Cited by 90
Self-citationActivists in office: Pro-Kurdish contentious politics in Turkey
Watts, N. F. (2006) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449050600655235 · Cited by 84
“Yavuz, 2001 ; White, 2000 ; Gunter, 1997 ; McDowall, 1996 ).”
Gunter, M. M. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230338944 · Cited by 76
Metadata
- Authors
- Yavuz, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yavuz, M. Hakan
- ORCID
- Yavuz, M. Hakan
- Venue
- Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 1353-7113 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-2986
- OpenAlex
- W2076027709
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 13.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nationalism and Ethnic Politics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California Humanities Research Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Turkey's Politics and Society
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Historical Turkish Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
- Keywords
- Kurdish nationalism, politicization of identity, state-society relations, Turkish nationalism, nation-state model, Ottoman Empire, Kurdish autonomy, cultural rights, social contract, ethnic conflict, Turkey
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
