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Reforming the Gender-Related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure: Implementing Some Specific Proposals
Abstract
Since their inception in 1995, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) have been criticized on conceptual and empirical grounds. In 2005–6, the UNDP's Human Development Report Office undertook a review of these indicators and suggested some modifications. This study extends this work by adjusting the recommendations, making concrete proposals for two gender-related indicators, and presenting illustrative results for these proposed measures. These new measures include the calculation of a male and female Human Development Index (HDI), as well as a gender gap measure (GGM) to replace the GDI as a measure of gender inequality. The study also proposes and implements several modifications and simplifications to the GEM. With these adjustments, a number of Sub-Saharan countries now rank much higher, countries in the Middle East have lower scores in both measures, and some European countries fare notably worse in the revised GEM.
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Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545700902893106 · Cited by 887
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Cited by
Women’s Political Empowerment: A New Global Index, 1900–2012
Sundström, A., Paxton, P., Wang, Y.-T., & Lindberg, S. I. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.016 · Cited by 292
Riaz, S., & Pervaiz, Z. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0713-x · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- Klasen, S., & Schüler, D.
- Venue
- Feminist Economics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 1354-5701 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4372
- OpenAlex
- W2172071179
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 62.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Klasen, S., & Schüler, D. (2011). Reforming the Gender-Related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure: Implementing Some Specific Proposals. Feminist Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.541860
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