Is reasoning from counterfactual antecedents evidence for counterfactual reasoning?

“Although the gain of inhibitory control might serve as an explanation for why children stop committing the reality bias on false belief and counterfactual questions (see also Rafetseder & Perner, 2010), it hardly explains why even older children give wrong answers on our critical conditions.”

“First, by age six children have advanced in their ability to flexibly switch between multiple perspectives (Munakata, Snyder, & Chatham, 2012; Zelazo, 2004) and show increasing sophistication in counterfactual reasoning (Rafetseder & Perner, 2010).”

“…I would have passed the exam " ) nor do we create a " general possible " event by applying typical regularities (basic conditional reasoning; e.g., studying long enough), because they may not always provide a better outcome (i.e., since you studied the wrong chapters; Rafetseder and Perner, 2010).”

“…5-year-olds (and even older children) have problems answering in accordance with CFR when one controls for false positives, provided by simpler reasoning strategies that lead to the same answer as CFR (Rafetseder, Cristi-Vargas, & Perner, 2010; Rafetseder & Perner, 2010; Rafetseder et al., 2013).”

“…conditional relations (e.g., ‘‘if rain, then wet grass/if no rain, then dry grass”; see Rafetseder et al., 2013) does not yield the right answer, for example, when events are doubly determined (Nyhout, Henke, & Ganea, 2017) or do not conform to behavioral regularities (Rafetseder & Perner, 2010).”

“So far we focused on default logics in line with Reiter (1980) in proof-theoretic terms.”

“…2011), modeling the mental states of others (Perner 1991; Vogeley et al. 2001) and mental simulation (e.g., counterfactual reasoning; Byrne 2002; Rafetseder and Perner 2010). critically, when incoming information does not match predictions generated by our models, we first need to detect this…”

“This finding replicated a previous set of studies (Rafetseder, Cristi-Vargas, & Perner, 2010; Rafetseder & Perner, 2010) and the authors argued that children approach counterfactual questions differently from adults.”

“The development of counterfactual and hypothetical reasoning remains controversial (e.g., Carey et al., 2020; Harris et al., 1996; Kominsky et al., 2021; Nyhout & Ganea, 2018; Rafetseder & Perner, 2010).”

“The Location Change Task used was developed by Rafetseder and Perner (2010) and reflects a modified version of a location change task originally developed by Riggs et al. (1998).”

“…between counterfactual reasoning and 10 The role of the constraints that the actual world imposes on the possible alternatives in the process of counterfactual reasoning has been experimentally investigated in Rafetseder et al. (2010); Rafetseder and Perner (2010) and Perner and Rafetseder (2011).”

“…most of them have focused on the expectations of the participants to change their behavior (Kray et al., 2010; Markman, Elizaga, & Ratcliff, 2007; Rafetseder & Perner, 2010, among many others) rather than behavior change in itself, since the preparations often involve exposing participants to…”

“For example, a doctor read in the park, received an emergency call, ran to the hospital to fetch the first-aid bag, and hurried to the swimming pool to attend to a hurt child (Rafetseder & Perner, 2010).”

“This involves a more complex structure of counterfactual thought, namely creating an alternative scenario and integrating it with previous information (Rafetseder & Perner 2010).”

“2 Roese (1997). 3 Kray, Galinsky & Markman (2007). 4 Epstude & Roese (2008). 5 Alicke, Buckingham, Zell & Davis (2008); Roese (1997).”

“Existen dos enfoques principales que abordan ese tema: el primero propone que el PC es el resultado de un extenso desarrollo que finaliza en torno a los 13 años, edad en la que se ha probado su uso maduro (Rafetseder & Perner, 2010; Rafetseder et al., 2012).”