Cited by 214Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNursing care and researchFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

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Measurement and correlates of family caregiver self-efficacy for managing dementia

Fortinsky, R. H., Kercher, K., Burant, C. J.·2002·Aging & Mental Health

DOI 10.1080/13607860220126763

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Abstract

Researchers in the aging field are paying increasing attention to the importance of perceived self-efficacy in understanding experiences and health-related outcomes of family caregivers. This paper details the strategy we used to measure family caregiver self-efficacy for managing dementia, and reports on observed associations between the resulting self-efficacy measures, caregiver depressive symptoms, and caregiver physical health symptoms. Family caregivers (n = 197) were interviewed after calling a local Alzheimer's Association chapter in the mid-western USA. Nine items inquiring about caregivers' certainty that they could carry out specific behaviors related to dementia care clustered into two distinct self-efficacy factors: symptom management self-efficacy (4 items) and community support service use self-efficacy (5 items). Internal consistency reliability for both factors was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77 and 0.78, respectively). Symptom management self-efficacy demonstrated a much stronger correlation with a published global caregiver competence measure than did service use self-efficacy (r = 0.49 and 0.27, respectively). In a multivariate regression model predicting caregiver depression symptoms, higher symptom management self-efficacy scores were associated with fewer depressive symptoms (beta = -0.17, p < 0.05). In a separate model, higher service use self-efficacy scores (beta = -0.20, p < 0.01) and higher symptom management self-efficacy scores (beta = -0.16, p < 0.05) were associated with fewer physical health symptoms. These new measures of dementia management self-efficacy hold promise for use in future studies.

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Background
Moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relation between behavior problems in persons with dementia and the distress they cause in caregivers
Nogales‐González, C., Romero‐Moreno, R., Losada‐Baltar, A., Márquez‐González, M., & Zarit, S. H. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.995593 · Cited by 48
The Experience of Caring for a Spouse Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Sabo, B., McLeod, D. L., & Couban, S. (2012) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0b013e31824fe223 · Cited by 47
At the Crossroads: Development and Evaluation of a Dementia Caregiver Group Intervention to Assist in Driving Cessation
Stern, R. A., D’Ambrosio, L. A., Mohyde, M., Carruth, A., Tracton‐Bishop, B., Hunter, J. C., Daneshvar, D. H., & Coughlin, J. F. (2008) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960802497936 · Cited by 47
“Self-efficacy: A 7-item questionnaire about self-efficacy regarding the ability to handle problems about the loved one's driving cessation was created, modeled after Fortinsky, Kercher, and Burant's (2002) Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.”
The effect of routine training on the self-efficacy of informal caregivers of colorectal cancer patients
Havyer, R. D. A., van Ryn, M., Wilson, P. M., & Griffin, J. M. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3494-6 · Cited by 46
The Residential Care Transition Module: a single-blinded randomized controlled evaluation of a telehealth support intervention for family caregivers of persons with dementia living in residential long-term care
Gaugler, J. E., Statz, T. L., Birkeland, R. W., Louwagie, K. W., Peterson, C., Zmora, R., Emery, A., McCarron, H. R., Hepburn, K. W., Whitlatch, C. J., et al. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01542-7 · Cited by 43
Reliability and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy
Márquez‐González, M., Losada‐Baltar, A., López, J., & Peñacoba, C. (2009) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317110903110419 · Cited by 40
“When applied to family caregiving, the self-efficacy construct has focused on beliefs relevant to caregivers, namely, the ability to self-care and obtain respite when needed, the ability to respond to disruptive patient behaviors and other care-related problems, and the ability to control upsetting thoughts and negati…”
Background
Results and Lessons Learned from a Nurse Practitioner-Guided Dementia Care Intervention for Primary Care Patients and Their Family Caregivers
Fortinsky, R. H., Delaney, C., Harel, O., Pasquale, K. M., Schjavland, E., Lynch, J., Kleppinger, A., & Crumb, S. (2014) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20140113-01 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Coaching in self-efficacy improves care responses, health and well-being in dementia carers: a pre/post-test/follow-up study
Chenoweth, L., Stein‐Parbury, J., White, D., McNeill, G., Jeon, Y., & Zaratan, B. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1410-x · Cited by 40
“A carer’s physical and psychological health and coping ability can be moderated by the specific domain of their self-efficacy for the caring role [29, 36, 37].”
BackgroundResult
Self‐efficacy of family caregivers of older adults with cognitive impairment: A concept analysis
Khan, T. S., Hirschman, K. B., McHugh, M. D., & Naylor, M. D. (2020) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12499 · Cited by 42
Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression among family carers of cancer patients in a cancer care and treatment facility in Uganda: a cross-sectional study
Katende, G., & Nakimera, L. (2017) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v17i3.30 · Cited by 39
Explain the Experience of Family Caregivers Regarding Care of Alzheimer's Patients: A Qualitative Study
Ashrafizadeh, H., Gheibizadeh, M., Rassouli, M., Hajibabaee, F., & Rostami, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699959 · Cited by 39
“In addition, family caregivers showed low self-efficacy for management of disease-related behaviors due to burnout resulted from their care responsibility (Fortinsky et al., 2002; Cheng et al., 2013; Crellin et al., 2014).”
Background
Uncertainty and Decision Making for Residents with Dementia
Lopez, R. P., & GUARINO, A. J. (2011) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773811405521 · Cited by 38
Assessment of burden and coping strategies among caregivers of cancer patients in sub-Saharan Africa
Akpan-Idiok, P. A., Ehiemere, I. O., Asuquo, E. F., Chabo, J. A. U., & Osuchukwu, E. C. (2020) · World Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.5306/wjco.v11.i12.1045 · Cited by 44
Predicting anxiety in carers of people with dementia: the role of trait emotional intelligence
Weaving, J., Orgeta, V., Orrell, M., & Petrides, K. V. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214000404 · Cited by 37
“For example, the level of social support available to caregivers was not included as a predictor variable even though it has previously been related to caregiver outcomes (Fortinsky et al., 2002; Hayslip et al., 2008).”
Background
“It’s Like a Cyber-Security Blanket”: The Utility of Remote Activity Monitoring in Family Dementia Care
Mitchell, L. L., Peterson, C., Rud, S. R., Jutkowitz, E., Sarkinen, A., Trost, S., Porta, C. M., Finlay, J., & Gaugler, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464818760238 · Cited by 40
An Educational Intervention to Support Caregivers of Elders With Dementia
Devor, M., & Renvall, M. J. (2008) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317508315336 · Cited by 40
Efficacy of a Virtual Education Program for Family Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia
Noel, M. A., Lackey, E., Labi, V., & Bouldin, E. D. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215359 · Cited by 35
The impact of early psychosocial intervention on self‐efficacy of care recipient/carer dyads living with early‐stage dementia—A mixed‐methods study
Stockwell‐Smith, G., Moyle, W., & Kellett, U. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13710 · Cited by 35
Helping Family Caregivers by Linking Primary Care Physicians with Community-Based Dementia Care Services
Fortinsky, R. H., Unson, C. G., & García, R. I. L. (2002) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/147130120200100208 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Caregiver Choice and Caregiver Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study of Irish Spousal Dementia Caregivers
Pertl, M. M., Sooknarine-Rajpatty, A., Brennan, S., Robertson, I. H., & Lawlor, B. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01801 · Cited by 33
Access Barriers to and Unmet Needs for Home- and Community-Based Services Among Older Korean Americans
Casado, B. L., & Lee, S. E. (2012) · Home Health Care Services Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01621424.2012.703540 · Cited by 31
“A-LSNS (Lubben et al., 2006) and CEFF (Fortinsky et al., 2002) and the remaining question items, as well as the structured interview schedule, were translated into Korean using forward-translation and a committee approach (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997) whereupon the questionnaire was first…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An empowerment program for family caregivers of people with dementia
Yoon, H. K., & Kim, G. S. (2019) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12690 · Cited by 32
A telephone intervention for dementia caregivers: Background, design, and baseline characteristics
Tremont, G. N., Davis, J. D., Papandonatos, G. D., Grover, C., Ott, B. R., Fortinsky, R. H., Gozalo, P. L., & Bishop, D. S. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.07.011 · Cited by 29
“78 for support service) [20].”
Self-citation
Cognitive reserve and self-efficacy as moderators of the relationship between stress exposure and executive functioning among spousal dementia caregivers
Pertl, M. M., Hannigan, C., Brennan, S., Robertson, I. H., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610216002337 · Cited by 29
“pre-morbid IQ The Fortinsky dementia-specific caregiver self-efficacy scale (Fortinsky et al., 2002) was used to assess self-efficacy for symptom management (six items).”
Method
Development of an instrument to measure self‐efficacy in caregivers of people with advanced cancer
Ugalde, A., Krishnasamy, M., & Schofield, P. E. (2012) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3160 · Cited by 30
“With caregivers of people with dementia, self-efficacy was found to be associated with lower levels of depression [25,26].”
Background
Family Caregivers’ Confidence Caring for Relatives in Hospice Care at Home: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Soroka, J. T., Froggatt, K. A., & Morris, S. (2018) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909118787779 · Cited by 27
Quality of life and the associated factors among family caregivers of older people with dementia in Thailand
Pothiban, L., Srirat, C., Wongpakaran, N., & pankong, O. (2020) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12746 · Cited by 27
Tailoring the web-based ‘Partner in Balance’ intervention to support spouses of persons with frontotemporal dementia
Bruinsma, J., Peetoom, K. K. B., Boots, L. M. M., Daemen, M., Verhey, F. R. J., Bakker, C., & de Vugt, M. E. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100442 · Cited by 28
Remote activity monitoring for family caregivers of persons living with dementia: a mixed methods, randomized controlled evaluation
Gaugler, J. E., Zmora, R., Mitchell, L. L., Finlay, J., Rosebush, C. E., Nkimbeng, M. J., Baker, Z. G., Albers, E. A., & Peterson, C. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02634-8 · Cited by 29
Knowledge, help-seeking and efficacy to find respite services: an exploratory study in help-seeking carers of people with dementia in the context of aged care reforms
Phillipson, L., Johnson, K. A., Cridland, E. K., Hall, D. V., Neville, C. C., Fielding, E., & Hasan, H. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-1009-7 · Cited by 24
Psychometric Evaluation of the Caregiving Competence Scale Among Chinese Family Caregivers
Cheng, H. Y., Chair, S. Y., & Chau, J. P. C. (2015) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.207 · Cited by 23
Family Influence on Caregiver Resistance, Efficacy, and Use of Services in Family Elder Care
Keith, P. M., Wacker, R. R., & Collins, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634370802609304 · Cited by 23
“Social workers, agency personnel, counselors, and family-life educators should be provided with research that identifies benefits of combining informal caring and use of formal services to diminish resistance (AoA, 2002; Fortinsky et al., 2002).”
Background
The impact of early‐stage dementia on community‐dwelling care recipient/carer dyads’ capacity to self‐manage
Stockwell‐Smith, G., Moyle, W., & Kellett, U. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14657 · Cited by 30
IN-HOME-PD Caregivers: The effects of a combined home visit and peer mentoring intervention for caregivers of homebound individuals with advanced Parkinson's disease
Fleisher, J. E., Suresh, M., Klostermann, E. C., Lee, J., Hess, S., Myrick, E., Mitchem, D., Woo, K., Sennott, B. J., Witek, N. P., et al. (2022) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.11.014 · Cited by 26
Emotion-focused communication training online: Development and evaluation of acceptability
Heid, A. R., Heppner, A., Cheatham, D., Haitsma, K. S. V., & Abbott, K. H. (2022) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960.2022.2154765 · Cited by 22
“Consistent with Bandura’s (1997) initial conception of self-efficacy that it is behavior-specific, we created items modeled after Fortinsky, Kercher, and Burant (2002) andSteffen, McKibbin, Zeiss, Gallagher-Thompson, and Bandura (2002) work with caregivers, that were tailored to the specific…”
Development and Testing of a Measure of Caregiver Confidence in Medical Sign/Symptom Management
Piggott, C. A., Zimmerman, S. I., Reed, D., & Sloane, P. D. (2017) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317517711247 · Cited by 20
“There is substantial evidence that higher self-efficacy relates to numerous beneficial outcomes, including better physical health and less depression.(2,3) According to the theory, an individual’s selfefficacy is significantly influenced by external factors such as circumstances and the amount of support received.”
Background
Efficacy of risperidone for treating patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
Wancata, J. (2004) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610204000122 · Cited by 20
“It is known that the presence of BPSD is a severe burden for family caregivers and increases the risk for nursing home admission (Fortinsky et al., 2002; Haupt and Kurz, 1993; Wenger et al., 2002).”
Background
Factors influencing the cost of care and admission to long-term care for people with dementia in Ireland
Walsh, S., Pertl, M. M., Gillespie, P., LAWLOR, B. A., Brennan, S., & O’Shea, E. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1699901 · Cited by 19
A study of the effectiveness of MP3 players to support family carers of people living with dementia at home
Lewis, V. J., Bauer, M., Winbolt, M., Chenco, C., & Hanley, F. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214001999 · Cited by 25
“• Coping with caregiving role: • Family Caregiver Self-efficacy Scale (four items) (Fortinsky et al., 2002).”
Background
Family caregivers’ perceptions and experiences of participating in the learning skills together intervention to build self-efficacy for providing complex care
White, C. L., Barrera, A., Turner, S., Glassner, A. A., Brackett, J. R., Rivette, S., & Meyer, K. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.04.012 · Cited by 20
Efficacy of the residential care transition module: A telehealth intervention for dementia family caregivers of relatives living in residential long-term care settings.
Gaugler, J. E., Birkeland, R. W., Albers, E. A., Peterson, C., Louwagie, K. W., Baker, Z. G., Mittelman, M. S., Hepburn, K. W., & Roth, D. L. (2024) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000820 · Cited by 17
The Role of Caregivers in Physical Activity for Older Adults With Alzheimer’s Disease
Kim, E., Ullrich-French, S. C., Bolkan, C. R., & Hill, L. G. (2017) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317517740664 · Cited by 18
“Caregiver’s self-efficacy for managing dementia was measured by questions developed by Fortinsky and colleagues.(28) Ten items assessed how certain caregivers could manage dementia symptoms and cope with challenging situations, as well as their ability to find and arrange support services in the community to supplemen…”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Fortinsky, R. H., Kercher, K., & Burant, C. J.
Affiliations: UConn Health (US)
Case Western Reserve University (US)
ORCID: Fortinsky, R. H.
Burant, C. J.
Venue: Aging & Mental Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2002-05
Volume: 6
Issue: 2
Pages: 153-160
ISSN: 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
1364-6915
DOI: 10.1080/13607860220126763
OpenAlex: W2049155331
Cited by: 214
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 2.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: family caregivers, self-efficacy, dementia care, caregiver depression, caregiver physical health, caregiver competence, scale development, Alzheimer's disease
MeSH terms: Aged, Aging, Dementia, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Regression Analysis, Social Support, Caregivers, Self Efficacy

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Measurement and correlates of family caregiver self-efficacy for managing dementia

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