Coping trajectories in later life: A 20-year predictive study
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OBJECTIVES AND METHOD: Information about aging-related change in coping is limited mainly to results of cross-sectional studies of age differences in coping, and no research has focused on predictors of aging-related change in coping behavior. To extend research in this area, we used longitudinal multilevel modeling to describe older adults' (n = 719; baseline M = 61 years) 20-year, intraindividual approach and avoidance coping trajectories, and to determine the influence of two sets of predictors (threat appraisal and stressor characteristics; gender and baseline personal and social resources) on level and rate of change in these trajectories. RESULTS: Over the 20-year study interval, participants declined in the use of approach coping and most avoidance coping strategies, but there was significant variation in this trend. In simultaneous predictive models, female gender, more threat appraisal, stressor severity, social resources, and depressive symptoms, and fewer financial resources were independently associated with higher initial levels of coping responses. Having more social resources, and fewer financial resources, at baseline in late-middle-age predicted faster decline over time in approach coping. Having more baseline depressive symptoms, and fewer baseline financial resources, hastened decline in use of avoidance coping. Independent of other variables in these models, decline over time in approach coping and avoidance coping remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Overall decline in coping may be a normative pattern of coping change in later life. However, it also is modifiable by older adults' stressor appraisals, their stressors, and the personal and social resources they possess at entry to later life, in late-middle-age.
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Experiential avoidance is associated with elevated anxiety, depression, FCR, and fatigue, and is higher in females than males.
“EA entails any behavioural or cognitive evasion of experience that one finds unpleasant or unappealing, and is associated with elevated anxiety, depression, FCR, and fatigue, and is also higher in females than males.45-47”
From Mindfulness and Psychosocial Symptoms in People with Cancer: Testing Rumination and Experiential Avoidance as Mediators, and Sex as a Moderator. (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
The Results (Avoidance Coping; page unavailable) associate higher initial avoidance coping with female gender and more depressive symptoms. The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) describe cognitive and behavioral avoidance, but the paper measures avoidance coping rather than experiential avoidance specifically. The passages do not support associations with anxiety, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), or fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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BackgroundWu, L., Qi, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Mao, Y., Wang, R., & Liu, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1715566 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Seo, D., Mah, S., Yoo, S. M., Oh, M., Kim, B.-I., Lee, J. Y., & Yun, S. (2023) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-03-2022-0121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lampraki, C., Jopp, D. S., Roquet, A., Hoffman, A., & Uittenhove, K. L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02406-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For instance, Brennan and colleagues [23] found that, overall, the use of coping strategies declined with age, but the rate of decline was related to stressors’ appraisal, their nature, and available resources.”
Estrategias de afrontamiento en adultos mayores en función de variables sociodemográficas
Mayordomo, T., Sales, A., Satorres, E., & Igual, C. B. (2015) · Escritos de Psicología / Psychological Writings · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v8i3.13243 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Reminiscing and intergenerational advice giving during the COVID-19 pandemic
Salabarria, V. P., & Gould, O. N. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2233432 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…longing for better times leading to negative outcomes (Cappeliez & O’Rourke, 2006; Cappeliez & Robitaille, 2010; King et al.. 2019) but alternatively could serve an escapist function that protects present self-esteem and well-being (Brennan et al., 2012; Lieberman & Tobin, 1983; Wong & Watt, 1991).”
BackgroundBergerot, C. D., Philip, E. J., Bergerot, P. G., Razavi, M., Lee, D., Clark, K. L., Loscalzo, M. J., Pal, S. K., & Dale, W. (2023) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1080/07357907.2023.2274033 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Older Women and Their Mental Health Needs
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Loss of Resources and Demoralization in the Chronically Ill: A Mediation Model
Dischinger, T., & Inés, M. (2016)
Sofía, G. C., Lucía, P., & Silvina, G. C. (2021) · MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics · doi:10.15406/mojgg.2021.06.00267
Falewicz, A., & Steuden, S. (2021) · Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio · doi:10.34766/fetr.v48i4.989
Copingstrategier vid åldrandet : En litteraturöversikt
Stålhammar, E., & Ohrt, M. S. (2015) · Jönköping University Publications (Jönköping University)
Wynia, K., Veldman, K., Spoorenberg, S. L. W., Lahr, M. M. H., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-19860/v1
O’Connor, A. M., & Evans, A. D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06523-2
“…of mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety than younger adults (Diehl et al., 2011; Kessler et al., 2005), it is critical to maintain optimal mental health to help one cope with later-life changes such as retirement, possible home relocation, and widow-hood (Brennan et al., 2012).”
Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., O’Loughlin, J. L., Mezuk, B. R., Bouizegarene, N., Sauvageau, E., & Sylvestre, M. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02926-z
“Other studies have found that fewer financial and educational resources relate to greater use of avoidance coping [19, 20 ].”
Wandinger, E., Brindle, A., Nees, F., & Reis, O. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1753885
“Whilst a normative decline in situational coping in older age has been reported (35), challenging life events have been ascribed as having training effect, leading to the development of better coping strategies over time (36, 37).”
Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., Smith, S. G., Zhang, S. H., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119213
Tomren, J. F., & Opaas, M. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2677304
“Coping strategies are diverse, encompassing a wide range of responses, and can differ significantly between individuals, in different situations, and across various life stages (Brennan et al., 2012).”
Chery, M.-C., Abbott, M. J., & Hunt, C. J. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2679455
Psychometric properties of a short form for the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS-SF)
Elswyk, A. V., Henning, C. T., Summerfeldt, L. J., & Parker, J. D. A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356279
“Short forms like the CISS-SF are appealing because they can be used in research settings where there are limited time and space for lengthy assessment tools, such as in prospective longitudinal research designs [5,14,68,81].”
- Authors
- Brennan, P. L., Holland, J. M., Schutte, K. K., & Moos, R. H.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brennan, P.L.
- ORCID
- Brennan, P.L.
- Venue
- Aging & Mental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-03-07
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 305-316
- ISSN
- 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-6915
- PMC
- PMC3323682
- OpenAlex
- W1988051307
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Health Services Research and Development
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA15685, AA017477, R01AA015685, R01AA017477)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- approach coping, avoidance coping, aging, older adults, threat appraisal, social resources, financial resources, depressive symptoms, gender differences, late middle age, stress appraisal
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Depression, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Social Class, Social Support, Stress, Psychological
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