The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 33 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
#Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks
Open accessAbstract
On the afternoon of 9 August 2014, 18-year-old Michael ‘Mike’ Brown was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson in the small American city of Ferguson, Missouri. Brown's body lay in the street for four and a half hours, and during that time, his neighbors and friends took to social media to express fear, confusion, and outrage. We locate early tweets about Ferguson and the use of the hashtag #Ferguson at the center of a counterpublic network that provoked and shaped public debates about race, policing, governance, and justice. Extending theory on networked publics, we examine how everyday citizens, followed by activists and journalists, influenced the #Ferguson Twitter network with a focus on emergent counterpublic structure and discursive strategy. We stress the importance of combining quantitative and qualitative methods to identify early initiators of online dissent and story framing. We argue that initiators and their discursive contributions are often missed by methods that collapse longitudinal network data into a single snapshot rather than investigating the dynamic emergence of crowdsourced elites over time.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Own result · 32 Own interpretation · 22 No basis given · 12 Sources not found · 11 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significantly, however, several non-elite, mostly black, tweeters appeared among crowdsourced elites for the entire first week of the evolution and expansion of the Ferguson network, even in the face of increasing competition from elite sources.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Other influential citizen voices
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Collectively, the Ferguson network can be characterized as a broadcast network, where the vast majority of nodes radiate out from a small number of influential users (the crowdsourced elites), without otherwise interacting with one another (Smith, Rainie, Shneiderman, & Himelboim, 2014).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smith, Rainie, Shneiderman, & Himelboim, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 10 August, the day after Michael Brown was killed, several individuals with either online or offline connections to activist communities and/or activist journalism also appeared among Ferguson crowdsourced elites, though they came and went within this single day.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, @stltoday is the only account that does not directly reflect an African-American voice or target an African-American audience.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, Anonymous' discourse was unique from that of individual citizens or activists because the collective engaged in direct threats and warnings to state organizations in response to Brown's killing.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These accounts included @YourAnonNews, @OpFerguson, @TheAnonMessage, and @YourAnonGlobal.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tef Poe, immediately on the ground in Ferguson and observing the policecommunity interactions there, tweeted within three hours what according to our data was the first crowdsourced SOS: 'Basically martial law is taking place in Ferguson all perimeters blocked coming and going.National and international friends help!!!'”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“@natedrug and @Nettaaaaaaaa's popularity in the network frequently outranked more traditional and elite sources including @CNN and a range of individual journalists.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Other influential citizen voices
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, @ShaunKing used #Ferguson to tweet about the cases of other victims of police shootings including John Crawford, Andy Cruz,andSeanBell.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These included @ShaunKing, @syndicalisms, and @UntoldCarlisle.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 54
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Like most social networks, the in-degree distribution in the #Ferguson network follows roughly a powerlaw, with a small number of nodes receiving a disproportionately high number of retweets and mentions, and most receiving none at all (Barabási & Albert, 1999).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Identifying initiators and crowdsourced elites
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Barabási & Albert, 1999 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s network discussion (page unavailable in our copy) reports a power-law tail for an actor collaboration network and says highly connected nodes can dominate connectivity. It does not examine the #Ferguson network, retweets or mentions, or establish that most nodes in that network receive none. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The organization released a widely retweeted video that demanded congressional action to introduce something called 'Mike Brown's law ' to set national standards of police conduct and threatened to take offline every 'web-based asset' of police departments who responded to Ferguson protesters with force.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, while many individual activists were displaced by Anonymous in the network, some everyday citizens like @natedrug and @Nettaaaaaaaa remained elites alongside Anonymous.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, @natedrug, tweeting directly from within the ranks of Ferguson protesters, held a position as a crowdsourced elite for five of the seven days examined here and was the most widely re-tweeted user in the network by a large margin.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Other influential citizen voices
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these initiators were tweeting within minutes or hours of Michael Brown's death, giving them a distinct role in the emergence of the overall network topology and discourse.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Identifying initiators and crowdsourced elites
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, mentions in these networks are often used to endorse specific members of the counterpublic and encourage others to follow them, or to gain the attention of those in traditional positions of power by associating their Twitter names with the events in Ferguson.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This overall Ferguson topology emerges primarily as a function of retweets, with crowdsourced elites receiving nearly three times as many retweets as mentions(14.71% of total tweets are retweets, 5.60% are mentions).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discourse of this tweet immediately frames Brown as the innocent ('unarmed' 'boy') victim of extreme violence ('executed' 'Shot him 10 times') and communicates an effective response ('smh'-Shaking My Head -generally used to indicate disgust or incredulousness).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“@Nettaaaaaaaa, a St. Louis-based college student, was a crowdsourced elite for three days and was also among the most widely retweeted.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Other influential citizen voices
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, @AyoMissDarkSkin's tweet was retweeted or mentioned three and a half times more on this first day than @stltoday's tweet, demonstrating a clear preference by the networked public initially engaging with the story for a form of citizen journalism that acknowledged the problem of police violence and humanized its victims.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Table 2 illustrates, the balance of retweets versus mentions declines throughout the week following Michael Brown's death, with the lowest proportion of retweets (most mentions) on 13 August, when clashes between police and protesters became especially violent.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“on11 August 2014, Anonymous launched a successful cyber-attack that took the City of Ferguson website, email servers and phone system offline for several hours.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“@AyoMissDarkSkin is an everyday citizen with a modest number of Twitter followers and no elite connections, yet had the most influence in the network, while French, Taylor, Tef Poe, and Skolnik have varying levels of access to niche, alternative, and mainstream spaces.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, a post-hoc analysis of the top 100 crowdsourced elites across the dataset as a whole reveals no users with stated pro-police or anti-activist agendas; indeed, many of these users include explicit racial justice messages in their profile text and/or photos.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed below, the ideological work of discourse within the Ferguson network is remarkably consistent, and overwhelmingly focused on critiques of state violence.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first hours and day of tweeting about Brown's death, Ferguson was not ubiquitously used as a hashtag; in fact, our preliminary data suggested that the very first, and thus most central, tweets about Brown's killing did not hashtag the city.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Methods
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“@AyoMissDarkSkin was in the Ferguson neighborhood where Michael Brown was shot and sent the tweet seen in Figure 2 within 30 minutes of the altercation:”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, Taylor rewrote the @stltoday headline with the word 'crowd' in place of 'mob' and corrected tweets calling Brown a 'man' with 'he was 17' 6”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In aggregate, these seven networks included 305,269 unique nodes (Twitter users) connected by 425,746 links, directed such that links originate from authors of tweets to users mentioned or retweeted in the text of those tweets.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Network specification
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“@stltoday's tweet not only lacks the affective response to the killing of an unarmed teen seen in @AyoMissDarkSkin's discourse, its structure and word choice construct the 'mob reaction' rather than Brown's shooting as the source of conflict.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these differences in amplification strategy (retweeting, mentioning) as well as the shift from marginalized to mainstream elites become evident only by looking at the network change day by day; key counterpublic elites and amplification through mentioning are not evident in the aggregate network.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the account @OpFerguson was wholly dedicated to tweeting about ongoing events and relevant figures in Ferguson and gained infamy for threatening to dox 10 every member of the Ferguson Police Department.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, our data spotlight the discursive labor of initiators and other influential everyday citizens, most of whom were young and/or African-American, who pushed the larger public sphere to address what happened to Michael Brown and offered ideological interpretations of Brown's death and resulting events firmly situated in minority experiences with state oppression.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only the account of Global Grind (@GlobalGrind), the Hip Hop-centric entertainment and news website for which Michael Skolnik is political director, appeared as an influential alternative media source, and then only for one day, 10 August.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As previously noted, the Twitter account for the St. Louis Post Dispatch was among the day one initiators of the Ferguson network, although its discursive contributions were starkly different than those of other initiators.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This group of journalists skews young (three in their 20s and one in her 30s), and is markedly more diverse, including women and African-Americans in equal proportion to men and White Americans, than most American newsrooms.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Legend only maintained his position as an influencer for one day and Wheaton, who has a particularly large twitter following, for two days.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the only politicians' twitter handles to appear, both fairly late in the week, were those of Barack Obama and Missouri Governor Jay Nixon, neither of whom appeared because they tweeted about Ferguson but rather because so many Twitter users were tweeting at them (mentioning) with various Pleas and criticism about the events unfolding there.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, local news outlets, like @ksdknews, @KMOV, and @Fox2now which represent NBC, CBS, and Fox affiliates, respectively, provided a range of on the ground coverage of various developments in Ferguson but were most retweeted by the network when they reported information about the scale of police response to protesters”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following day, no media outlets appeared at crowdsourced elites but beginning on 11 August and for the remainder of the week, at least two local news outlets or select individual mainstream journalists' accounts did.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although both Lowery and Reilly received a number of retweets on specific days, the primary action resulting in their inclusion as crowdsourced elites for the entirety of the week is mentions, as members of the network used mentioning to direct attention to their arrests.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both these celebrities specifically offered critiques of institutional failings around Ferguson, Legend focusing on the militarization and over reaction of police and Wheaton criticizing the national media for paying more attention to celebrity news than the events unfolding there.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“National mainstream news organizations also played a minimal role among Ferguson crowdsourced elites, only one, CNN, gaining elite status on the last day of the first week of the network.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The black press, and other communicative spaces of the black public sphere, pushed for the ideological and physical integration of mainstream institutions, while also challenging white supremacy and the legitimization of white racial violence common in mainstream discourse.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, networked publics' fusing of activist discourse with traditional news narratives results in an 'affective' flow of information that can speak to the common experiences, concerns, and sympathies of larger publics.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Papacharissi and de Fatima Oliveira (2012) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Unlike traditional modes of news reporting and information sharing, they argue, Twitter can provide a continuous stream of information from the perspective of those closest to crisis events.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Papacharissi and de Fatima Oliveira (2012) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Papacharissi and de Fatima Oliveira contend that such flows of information 'provide a form of emotional release that simultaneously invigorates and exhausts tension' in times of social crisis (p.280).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Papacharissi and de Fatima Oliveira (2012) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Graeff, Stempeck, and Zuckerman (2014) find that after receiving a small amount of local media coverage, Martin's story garnered increased attention both because of the strategic targeting of offline/ traditional news sources by Martin family representatives, and the online advocacy of several African-American and racial justice organizations.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graeff, Stempeck, and Zuckerman (2014) source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This early group of what we consider 'initiators' played a particularly important role in gaining broader attention and support for objections to SOPA-PIPA legislation, motivating the engagement of more traditional elites, and shaping the terms of debate.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benkler et al. (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This retweet topology is consistent with prior work on networked counterpublics, as well as online social movements more generally (Jackson & Foucault Welles, in press).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jackson & Foucault Welles, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Retweets and mentions can serve different communicative purposes on Twitter with distinct ideological implications; in particular, Conover et al. (2011) have suggested that retweets tend to represent ideological endorsements, while mentions more often represent ideological opposition.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Network specification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conover et al. (2011) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The author observes that young people and people of color (and in America, young people are increasingly people of color) are using new media to draw attention to issues related to inequality and injustice more than ever before.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wardell (2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather than ideological opposition, mentioning in the Ferguson network, especially the shift toward more mentioning as the week progresses, appears to correspond with a shift in emergent strategy from amplifying the messages of select counterpublic elites toward (1) requests for help from mainstream elites, and (2) efforts to focus attention on notable members of the counterpublic.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, traditional elites were completely absent from top crowdsourced elites, measured in terms of the most frequently retweeted or mentioned (but usually retweeted) accounts, yet the hijacking received local and national coverage in a variety of mainstream outlets.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jackson & Foucault Welles, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadcast networks signal an intentional spreading of information, with crowdsourced elites serving as opinion leaders and the rest of the network amplifying their messages.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Ferguson network topology, initiators, and crowdsourced elites
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Graeff and colleagues argue then that media controversies (and it seems nothing is more controversial in American media than racial conflict) interrupt traditional media gatekeeping and create unique space for the inclusion of citizen and alternatively created information.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Graeff et al.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This discourse seethed with indignation about police violence and state suppression and provided members of the network an illustration of what their individual anger and sense of immediacy channeled into collective outrage and digital civil disobedience might look and sound like.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They identify crowdsourced elites as a hodgepodge of actors who became prominent network influencers because of how their storytelling during the Egyptian revolution resonated with their networks and the resulting reply and retweet networks -elevating regular citizens to the same status as more traditional information sources.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Papacharissi and de Fatima Oliveira (2012) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sharma's exploration of networked subjects is particularly relevant to networked counterpublics, in that he details the way racialized hashtags come from within, and spread through, particular communities, allowing twitter users, regardless of their own racial identities, to join in the 'assemblages' of antiracist discourse.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sharma (2013) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that these phenomena reflect the importance of both connectedness and is course within the network.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Activist reporting and activist collectives
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These organizations contributed influential frames to mainstream coverage of Martin's story and facilitated traditional activism via digital spaces.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graeff, Stempeck, and Zuckerman (2014) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wardell contends that online activism, particularly that utilizing Twitter, YouTube, and other social network sites, often starts within small, densely connected networks but spreads because of the amplification of a broader public that includes people of similar identities with similar experiences of marginalization.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wardell (2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in their network analysis of the SOPA-PIPA debate, Benkler et al. (2013) identify 'a highly committed group of actors that engaged early in the debate and continue to play a leadership role throughout the controversy' pushing the later 'entry of larger players' (39).”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Networked counterpublics and early initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benkler et al. (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Consistent with Lin, Margolin, and Lazer's (2015) findings on satisficing political searches, users seeking to amplify the events in Ferguson were much more likely to find (and retweet) @AyoMissDarkSkin than @stltoday or anyone else, thereby amplifying the discourse of the marginalized public over mainstream framing.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Primary discursive trends Ferguson initiators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lin, Margolin, and Lazer's (2015)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To that end, the technological architecture of Twitter becomes an important tool for subverting traditional citizen-state power structures, enabling counterpublics to drive national conversations.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this research specifically illustrates that it is possible not only for those with a set of niche expertise or activist experience and connections to significantly infiltrate public debates but also for individual members of highly marginalized counter publics to do so.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, the selection of which tweets from mainstream outlets and which mainstream journalists were spread (retweeted) and engaged with (mentioned), reflects an intentional focus by the network on highlighting evidence of state abuse -a focus that aligns with the counterpublic narratives initiated and maintained by everyday citizens.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, African-Americans, women, and young people, including several members of Michael Brown's working-class, African-American community, were particularly influential and succeeded in defining the terms of debate despite their historical exclusion from the American public sphere.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While traditional elites, including mainstream news sources and high-level politicians eventually achieve elite status in the Ferguson network, it is only through close examination of when and how they become crowdsourced elites that we can see their presence is a function of counterpublic strategy, and not reflective of a shift in power.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Investigating solely the Ferguson network topology or the discursive content of the tweets misses the critical intersection of structure and meaning; the networked counterpublic comes to life only through a close reading of the tweets spread through the particular network structure.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both these users are young, black women whose voices played an important role in moving conversations about Brown's death into broader spaces.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This highlights democratic potentials within the networked public sphere, particularly vis-à-vis the discursive labor of members of American counterpublics willing to contribute collective knowledge and critiques to the process of making sense of community crisis.”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
Michael Brown was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri on 9 August 2014.
“On the afternoon of 9 August 2014, 18-year-old Michael 'Mike' Brown was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson in the small American city of Ferguson, Missouri.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Brown's body lay in the street for four and a half hours.
“Brown's body lay in the street for four and a half hours, and during that time, his neighbors and friends took to social media to express fear, confusion, and outrage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Police killings of unarmed African-Americans in the USA are all-too-common and constitute a social crisis.
“Here, we suggest that the all-too-common police killings of unarmed African-Americans in the USA is one such social crisis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has never been a time when all citizens trusted and relied on mainstream channels of information in constructing social and political thought.
“Narratives idealizing an engaged citizenry of the past ignore that there has never been a time when all citizens trusted and relied on mainstream channels of information in constructing social and political thought.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Counterpublics illustrate the lack of faith many Americans have always had in the traditional, elite institutions of the public sphere.
“Instead, counterpublics illustrate the lack of faith many Americans have always had in the traditional, elite institutions of the public sphere.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Crowdsourced elite status (being retweeted or mentioned) is a valid indicator of influence in the Ferguson network.
“Anonymous became influential in the network with sometimes two and sometimes three different Anonymous affiliated accounts achieving crowdsourced elite status every remaining day of the week as users retweeted their messages.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > 10. 'Doxxing' refers to releasing personal identifying information on the Internet.
“(12:48PM -9 Aug 2014)”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > References
“Brewster, C. [@AyoMissDarkSkin]. (2014, August 10). Ferguson police just executed an unarmed 17 yr old boy that was walking to the store. Shot him 10 times smh.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
“The following day, no media outlets appeared at crowdsourced elites”
§ #Ferguson is everywhere: initiators in emerging counterpublic networks > Mainstream media and other traditional elites
“Only the account of Global Grind (@GlobalGrind), the Hip Hop-centric entertainment and news website for which Michael Skolnik is political director, appeared as an influential alternative media source, and then only for one day, 10 August.”
Citations
Cites
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The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
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THE LOGIC OF CONNECTIVE ACTION: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics
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Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter
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The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0999 · Cited by 1,903
Political Polarization on Twitter
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Vicari, S., Iannelli, L., & Zurovac, E. (2018) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1555271 · Cited by 15
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Wu, V. C. S., & Xu, W. W. (2023) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08997640231174048 · Cited by 8
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Recuber, T. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.1874474 · Cited by 7
Slagle, D. R., Chatham‐Carpenter, A., & Williams, A. M. (2022) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2022.2068320 · Cited by 9
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Ojala, M., & Ripatti-Torniainen, L. (2023) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/02673231231210207 · Cited by 15
Real Estate Politik: Democracy and the Financialization of Social Networks
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Approach to Identification and Analysis of Information Sources in Social Networks
Vitkova, L., & Kolomeets, M. (2019) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32258-8_34 · Cited by 7
Richardson, J. E., Giraud, E. H., Poole, E., & de Quincey, E. (2024) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/01634437241229322 · Cited by 8
Dai, L. (2024) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtae024 · Cited by 10
Introduction: Neoliberalism and the public sphere
Asen, R. (2018) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/2057047318794687 · Cited by 6
#FamilyTravelHacks: Humor and Political Commentary in Hashtag Hijacking
Rodriguez, N. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41421-4_11 · Cited by 7
On Black Wikipedians: Motivations behind content contribution
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Joseph, K., Gallagher, R. J., & Welles, B. F. (2020) · Computational Communication Research · doi:10.5117/ccr2020.2.002.jose · Cited by 6
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Identity-Based Roles in Rhizomatic Social Justice Movements on Twitter
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Impact and Potential of Social Media in Policing and Law Enforcement
Nweke, O. C., & Anim-Wright, K. (2023) · Journal of Humanities Arts and Social Science · doi:10.26855/jhass.2023.12.002 · Cited by 6
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Mitchell-Walthour, G. L. (2020) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-020-09458-7 · Cited by 5
Atanassow, E., Bartscherer, T., Bateman, D., Markovits, E. K., Evrigenis, I. D., Boyd, R., Katznelson, I., Sarnoff, D., Shani, O., Longo, M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009263757 · Cited by 4
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Complex systems for the most vulnerable
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Counter-Protests With and Without Counter-Movements
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LGBT Activism, Social Media, and the Politics of Queer Visibility in Ghana
Asante, G. A., Mohammed, W. F., & Appiah-Kubi, A. B. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197744345.013.29 · Cited by 2
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Roberts, A. R., Aduen, V., Blanks, J., Carter, S. S., & Girault, K. (2022) · Public Culture · doi:10.1215/08992363-9937339 · Cited by 3
Exploring Public Discourse About Spent Nuclear Fuel Management on Twitter
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Talking to My Community Elsewhere
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LaPoe, B. R., LaPoe, V. L., Olson, C. S. C., Hazarika, B., & Woellert, A. (2022) · Electronic News · doi:10.1177/19312431221125761 · Cited by 3
Matamoros-Fernández, A. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.120573 · Cited by 1
Soziale Medien in der politischen Kommunikation
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A Comprehensive and Critical Literature Review on Framing Theory in the Digital Media AgePreprint
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Lowenstein-Barkai, H. (2023) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2023.2289972 · Cited by 2
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Bigman, C. A., Planey, A., Williamson, L. D., Smith, M. A., & Smith, S. M. (2022) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2022.2041698 · Cited by 4
Web Science: Now More Than Ever
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. J., & Foucault Welles, B.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Sarah J.
- ORCID
- Jackson, Sarah J.
- Venue
- Information, Communication & Society
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-12-29
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 397-418
- ISSN
- 1369-118X (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4462
- OpenAlex
- W2208856312
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 49.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.upenn.edu
- Locations
- Information Communication & Society (publishedVersion)
- Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Justice
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Keywords
- Michael Brown shooting, Darren Wilson, counterpublics, networked publics, Twitter, online dissent, hashtag activism, discursive strategies, race and policing, Ferguson protests, longitudinal network analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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