An Examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in Individuals with Complicated Mild, Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Abstract
This study examined the clinical utility of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in individuals with complicated mild, moderate or severe TBI. One hundred individuals with TBI (n = 35 complicated mild or moderate TBI; n = 65 severe TBI) and 100 control participants matched on key demographic variables from the WAIS-IV normative dataset completed the WAIS-IV. Univariate analyses indicated that participants with severe TBI had poorer performance than matched controls on all index scores and subtests (except Matrix Reasoning). Individuals with complicated mild/moderate TBI performed more poorly than controls on the Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), and on four subtests: the two processing speed subtests (SS, CD), two working memory subtests (AR, LN), and a perceptual reasoning subtest (BD). Participants with severe TBI had significantly lower scores than the complicated mild/moderate TBI on PSI, and on three subtests: the two processing speed subtests (SS and CD), and the new visual puzzles test. Effect sizes for index and subtest scores were generally small-to-moderate for the group with complicated mild/moderate and moderate-to-large for the group with severe TBI. PSI also showed good sensitivity and specificity for classifying individuals with severe TBI versus controls. Findings provide support for the clinical utility of the WAIS-IV in individuals with complicated mild, moderate, and severe TBI.
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Language abilities are generally spared or less affected in individuals with TBI.
“Language abilities, in contrast, are generally spared or less affected (Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015).”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015
The cognitive sequelae of TBI are well documented.
“The cognitive sequelae of TBI are well documented.”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015
Results observed in this study are consistent with previous studies using similar, language-based "crystallized" measures.
“The results observed in this study are consistent with previous studies using similar, language-based “crystallized” measures (Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015).”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015
Level of performance on List Sorting is consistent with results found with other tests of working memory such as WAIS-IV and WMS-IV Working Memory Indices.
“The level of performance is again consistent to the results found with other tests of working memory such as the WAIS-IV and WMS-IV Working Memory Indices (Carlozzi, Grech, et al., 2013; Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015; Donders & Strong, 2015).”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015
Individuals in current sample had higher performance scores on Pattern Comparison compared to expected with WAIS-III and WAIS-IV Processing Speed Indices.
“However, while the Pattern Comparison test is sensitive to the effects of TBI, individuals in the current sample had higher performance scores compared to what would have been expected with the WAIS-III (Donders et al., 2001) and the WAIS-IV Processing Speed Indices (Carlozzi, Beaumont, et al., 2015; Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015; Donders & Strong, 2015).”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015
On language and crystallized abilities, mild/moderate TBI group was not significantly different from control group while severe TBI group only showed a trend for lower reading scores.
“Finally, on tests of language and crystalized abilities, the mild/moderate TBI group was not significantly different from the control group while the severe TBI group only showed a trend for lower reading scores (Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015; Iverson et al., 2013).”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Carlozzi, Kirsch, et al., 2015
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References 67 · Cited by 57
- Authors
- Carlozzi, N. E., Kirsch, N. L., Kisala, P. A., & Tulsky, D. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Kessler Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carlozzi, Noelle E.
- Venue
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-01-02
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-37
- ISSN
- 0920-1637 (ISSN-L)
- 1385-4046
- 1744-4144
- OpenAlex
- W2019052558
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, WAIS-IV, intelligence testing, complicated mild traumatic brain injury, severe traumatic brain injury, processing speed, working memory, perceptual reasoning, Full Scale IQ, sensitivity and specificity, neuropsychological assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Severity of Illness Index, Wechsler Scales, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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