The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does smoking reduction increase future cessation and decrease disease risk? A qualitative review
Abstract
This review examines whether reduction in smoking among smokers not currently interested in quitting (a) undermines or promotes future smoking cessation or (b) decreases the risks of developing smoking-related diseases. Systematic computer searches and other methods located 19 studies examining reduction and subsequent cessation and 10 studies examining reduction and disease risk. Because of the heterogeneity of methods and results, a meta-analysis could not be undertaken. None of 19 studies found that reduction undermined future cessation, and 16 found that reduction was associated with greater future cessation, including the two randomized trials of reduction versus nonreduction. The 10 trials of disease risk found conflicting results, and none was an adequate test. We conclude that (a) smoking reduction increases the probability of future cessation and (b) whether smoking reduction decreases the risks of smoking-related diseases has not been adequately tested.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Other studies have shown either an improved or no effect on disease risk with cigarette reduction (131).”
From Tobacco addiction (2008) · cites this paper as [131]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General
Office on Smoking (2004) · Cited by 2,414
The Hazards of Scoring the Quality of Clinical Trials for Meta-analysis
Jüni, P. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1054 · Cited by 1,981
Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta‐Analysis in Context
(2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470693926 · Cited by 1,693
Møller, A. M., Villebro, N., Pedersen, T., & Tønnesen, H. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07369-5 · Cited by 1,109
Writing meta-analytic reviews.
Rosenthal, R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.2.183 · Cited by 1,108
Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations
Hughes, J. R., Keely, J. P., NIAURA, R. S., Ossip-Klein, D. J., RICHMOND, R. L., & Swan, G. E. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/5.1.13 · Cited by 1,058
Self-citationMeasures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations
Hughes, J. R., Keely, J. P., NIAURA, R. S., Ossip-Klein, D. J., RICHMOND, R. L., & Swan, G. E. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/1462220031000070552 · Cited by 712
Self-citationBhandari, M., Busse, J. W., Jackowski, D., Montori, V. M., Schünemann, H. J., Sprague, S., Mears, D., Schemitsch, E. H., Heels-Ansdell, D., & Devereaux, P. J. (2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 550
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Gordis, L.(2004) . In Epidemiology. . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders. (3rd ed.)
- Haustein, K. O. and Batra, A. and Landfeldt, B. and Westin, A. (2003) The effect of short‐term or long‐term reduction on smoking cessation: Results from a placebo controlled smoking reduction study with the nicotine gum. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5, pp. 278.
- Kralikova, E. and Kozak, J. and Rasmussen, T. (2002) The clinical benefits of NRT‐supported smoking reduction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4, pp. 243.
- Nordstrom, B. L. and Kinnunen, T. and Garvey, A. J. (2000) Changes in smoking rate and associated health risks: The Normative Aging Study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2, pp. 302.
- Rennard, S. I. and Glover, E. D. and Leischow, S. and Daughton, D. M. and Glover, P. and Muramoto, M. and Danielsson, T. and Landfeldt, B. and Westin, A. and Franzon, M. and Sawe, U. (2002) Efficacy of the nicotine inhaler in smoking reduction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 3, pp. 380.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dissemination and publication of research findings: an updated review of related biases
Song, F., Parekh, Hooper, L., Loke, Y., Ryder, J., Sutton, A., Hing, C., Kwok, C., Pang, C., & Harvey, I. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14080 · Cited by 1,039
Moore, D., Aveyard, P., Connock, M., Wang, D., Fry-Smith, A., & Barton, P. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1024 · Cited by 372
2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment
Barua, R. S., Rigotti, N. A., Benowitz, N. L., Cummings, K. M., Jazayeri, M., Morris, P. B., Ratchford, E. V., Sarna, L., Stecker, E. C., & Wiggins, B. S. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.027 · Cited by 391
Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia
Tsoi, D. T., Porwal, M., & Webster, A. C. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007253.pub3 · Cited by 304
Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use
Lindson, N., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Fanshawe, T. R., Begh, R. A., Farley, A., & Lancaster, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005231.pub3 · Cited by 273
Metadata
- Authors
- Hughes, J., & Carpenter, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, John
- ORCID
- Carpenter, Matthew
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-12-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 739-749
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2021516778
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-11557, R01DA011557, DA00490)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- smoking reduction, smoking cessation, smoking-related diseases, disease risk, nicotine dependence, tobacco control
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Attitude to Health, Coronary Disease, Humans, Motivation, Smoking, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking Cessation, Risk Reduction Behavior, Harm Reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
