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Effects of exposure to a to-be-shocked environment upon the rat’s freezing response: Evidence for facilitation, latent inhibition, and perceptual learning
Abstract
Three experiments used the freezing response of rats to examine the effects of pre-exposure to an environment upon (1) its associability with shock and (2) its discriminability from a second environment. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that freezing was proportional to the interval between exposure to the environment at time T1 and the occurrence of shock at T2. This function was shifted by pre-exposure to the to-be-shocked environment, with brief pre-exposures increasing (facilitation) and extended pre-exposures decreasing (latent inhibition) the impact of a given T1-T2 interval on freezing. Experiment 3 provided evidence that the facilitatory and latent inhibitory effects resulting from brief and extended exposures to the to-be-shocked environment were accompanied by an increase in discriminability. The results were taken to have supported the claim that pre-exposure changes associability as well as discriminability (Hall & Honey, 1989) and were discussed in terms of the model for perceptual learning proposed by McLaren, Kaye, and Mackintosh (1990).
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In the citing paper
“longer context pre-exposure has a monotonic inhibitory effect on generalization across contexts.”
From Predictive Representations: Building Blocks of Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as Kiernan and Westbrook, 1993
In the citing paper
“longer pre-exposure to the training context leads to less responding in the test context, indicating that the learned association is not generalized.”
From Predictive Representations: Building Blocks of Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as Kiernan and Westbrook (1993)
Citations
Cites
Fanselow, M. S. (1986) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(86)90018-4 · Cited by 326
Research works printed but not linked: 11
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- 10.3758/BF03212284 · DOI
- 10.3758/BF03205285 · DOI
- Hall G., 1989, Contemporary learning theories., 117
- Hays W. L., 1972, Statistics for the social sciences
- 10.1016/0023-9690(89)90008-8 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0034425 · DOI
- Mackintosh N. J., 1983, Conditioning and associative learning
- McLaren I. P. L., 1990, Parallel distributed processing—Implications for psychology and neurobiology.
- 10.1016/0023-9690(72)90020-3 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0030694 · DOI
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“1975; Lubow and Moore 1959; Silver 1973; Zalstein-Orda and Lubow 1995), rodents (e.g., Hall and Pearce 1979; Kiernan and Westbrook 1993; Lubow et al.”
BackgroundLatent inhibition and compound conditioning: a reply to Holmes and Harris (2009).
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Dissociation between complete hippocampal context memory formation and context fear acquisitionPreprint
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“When given 0–5 sec between placement in the context and shock (placement shock interval; PSI), rodents show little or no fear at test, as measured by context-evoked freezing (Fanselow 1986, 1990; Kiernan and Westbrook 1993).”
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Geerts, J., Gershman, S., Burgess, N., & Stachenfeld, K. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494671 · Cited by 3
“This was shown by Kiernan and Westbrook (1993) in a follow-up experiment similar to that described in the previous section (Figure 7).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHall, G. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00074-7 · Cited by 3
The effect of early list manipulations on the DRM illusion
Fam, J., Huff, M. J., Westbrook, R. F., & Holmes, N. M. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211012620 · Cited by 2
“…upon placement in a distinctive chamber interferes with formation of a context representation in animal studies (Bae et al., 2015; Fanselow, 1986; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Landeira-Fernandez et al., 2006; Lingawi et al., 2018, for evidence that a distractor can disrupt the semantic priming…”
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Perry, C. J., John, R., Trinh, H. B., Richards, B., Drummond, K. D., Park, C. H. J., & Kim, J. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1636674
Genetic and environmental influences on one‐trial conditioned context aversion in mice
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“Brief preexposure to a stimulus can aid learning, a phenomenon referred to as facilitation, whereas long exposure to the same stimulus can impair learning, a phenomenon known as latent inhibition.(29) This relationship between pre-exposure and learning can be conceptualized as an inverted U-shaped curve with the optim…”
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“Li has been found to be a broadly-based phenomenon appearing across a variety of species and tasks such as conditioned fear (Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Westbrook, Good, & Kiernan, 1994) and conditioned taste aversion (De la Casa & Lubow, 1995, 2005) amongst others.”
Huff, M. L. (2016) · doi:10.17077/etd.mvqi2sbf
“…evidence from CFC studies indicates that a brief footshock with minimal time spent in a context produces poor retention of the training, an effect reversed by exposure to the context before the footshock (Fanselow, 1986, 1990; Kiernan and Westbrook, 1993; Landeira-Fernandez et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialMallimo, E. M. (2014) · doi:10.7282/t3348hgx
“However, prior exposure of the rat to the conditioning context will significantly enhance contextual fear conditioning produced by 39 immediate shock (Fanselow 1990; Kiernan and Westbrook 1993).”
BackgroundContextual Discrimination After Nonreinforced Preexposure to the Context
Mustaca, A., & Pellegrini, S. (1998) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/c47c74
Metadata
- Authors
- Kiernan, M. J., & Westbrook, R. F.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Westbrook, R. F.
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3b
- Pages
- 271-288
- ISSN
- 0272-4995 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-1321
- OpenAlex
- W2011279846
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- freezing response, pre-exposure, latent inhibition, facilitation, associative learning, discriminability, perceptual learning, rats, fear conditioning
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Electroshock, Immobilization, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Rats, Wistar, Rats
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