Cited by 132Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Effects of exposure to a to-be-shocked environment upon the rat’s freezing response: Evidence for facilitation, latent inhibition, and perceptual learning

Kiernan, M. J., Westbrook, R. F.·1993·The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B

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Abstract

Three experiments used the freezing response of rats to examine the effects of pre-exposure to an environment upon (1) its associability with shock and (2) its discriminability from a second environment. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that freezing was proportional to the interval between exposure to the environment at time T1 and the occurrence of shock at T2. This function was shifted by pre-exposure to the to-be-shocked environment, with brief pre-exposures increasing (facilitation) and extended pre-exposures decreasing (latent inhibition) the impact of a given T1-T2 interval on freezing. Experiment 3 provided evidence that the facilitatory and latent inhibitory effects resulting from brief and extended exposures to the to-be-shocked environment were accompanied by an increase in discriminability. The results were taken to have supported the claim that pre-exposure changes associability as well as discriminability (Hall & Honey, 1989) and were discussed in terms of the model for perceptual learning proposed by McLaren, Kaye, and Mackintosh (1990).

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Associative vs topographical accounts of the immediate shock-freezing deficit in rats: Implications for the response selection rules governing species-specific defensive reactions
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“In conclusion, this work supports the idea that fear generalization depends not only on the similarity of environments, but also critically on the extent of initial learning (Kiernan and Westbrook, 1993; Westbrook et al., 1994).”
Background
Stimulus preexposure reduces generalization of conditioned taste aversions between alcohol and non-alcohol flavors in infant rats.
Chotro, M., & Alonso, G. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.1.113 · Cited by 24
“Finally, some studies using context conditioning have shown that a short preexposure to Context A may facilitate its conditioning and, at the same time, reduce generalization to Context B (e.g., Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993).”
Background
Rapid reacquisition of fear to a completely extinguished context is replaced by transient impairment with additional extinction training.
Leung, H. T., Bailey, G. K., Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.33.3.299 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Maladaptive Properties of Context-Impoverished Memories
Zinn, R., Leake, J., Krasne, F. B., Corbit, L. H., Fanselow, M. S., & Vissel, B. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.040 · Cited by 27
The context preexposure facilitation effect in mice: a dose-response analysis of pretraining scopolamine administration
Brown, K. L., Kennard, J. A., Sherer, D., Comalli, D. M., & Woodruff-Pak, D. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.044 · Cited by 21
Loss of Latent Inhibition of Contextual Conditioning following Non-Reinforced Context Exposure in Rats
Killcross, A., Kiernan, M., Dwyer, D., & Westbrook, R. F. (1998) · The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology · doi:10.1080/713932668 · Cited by 21
“Previous studies (e.g. Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993) have shown that this was suf® cient to produce a robust latent inhibition effect with the experimental parameters employed.”
MethodSelf-citation
False context fear memory in ratsPreprint
Bae, S. E., Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2015) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.039065.115 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Retroactive revaluation of an odor-taste association
Harris, J. A., & Westbrook, R. F. (1998) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03199225 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Post-conditioning experience with acute or chronic inflammatory pain reduces contextual fear conditioning in the rat
Johnston, I., Maier, S., Rudy, J., & Watkins, L. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.048 · Cited by 17
“However, this immediate shock deficit can be reduced if the rats have been pre-exposed to the conditioning context [40,41].”
Background
Predictive Representations: Building Blocks of Intelligence
Carvalho, W., Tomov, M. S., de Cothi, W., Barry, C., & Gershman, S. J. (2024) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01705 · Cited by 15
Special issue on computational models of classical conditioning guest editors’ introduction
Alonso, E., & Schmajuk, N. (2012) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0081-7 · Cited by 15
A probabilistic successor representation for context-dependent learning
Geerts, J. P., Gershman, S. J., Burgess, N., & Stachenfeld, K. L. (2024) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000414 · Cited by 14
“Kiernan and Westbrook (1993) showed that there is an intriguing time course to these phenomena: A brief amount of preexposure facilitates subsequent learning, whereas extended preexposure to the environment inhibits further associative learning (Figure 3A).”
BackgroundMethod
Immediate-early gene transcriptional activation in hippocampus CA1 and CA3 does not accurately reflect rapid, pattern completion-based retrieval of context memoryPreprint
Pevzner, A., & Guzowski, J. F. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.035469.114 · Cited by 14
Positive and negative affect produce opposing task-irrelevant stimulus preexposure effects.
Lazar, J. N., Kaplan, O., Sternberg, T., & Lubow, R. E. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024867 · Cited by 17
Influence of massed and distributed context preexposure on contextual fear and Egr-1 expression in the basolateral amygdala.
Perez-Villalba, A., Mackintosh, N., & Canales, J. J. (2008) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.08.017 · Cited by 12
Effects of context exposure during conditioning on conditioned taste aversions
Bills, C., Smith, S. M., Myers, N., & Schachtman, T. (2003) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03195997 · Cited by 12
“Fanselow (1990) and Kiernan and Westbrook (1993) have found that unsignaled footshocksadministered immediatelyafter placement of the rat in the context produce poorer context conditioning.”
Background
Anterograde amnesia for Pavlovian fear conditioning and the role of one-trial overshadowing: effects of preconditioning exposures to morphine in the rat.
McNally, G., & Westbrook, R. F. (2003) · Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.29.3.222 · Cited by 11
“Consistent with previous reports, the immediate footshock failed to condition fear to the context where it was delivered (Fanselow, 1990; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; but see Bevins, McPhee, Rauhut, & Ayres, 1997).”
ResultSelf-citation
One-trial context fear conditioning with immediate shock: The roles of transport and contextual cues
Bevins, R. A., Rauhut, A., Mcphee, J. E., & Ayres, J. (2000) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03200251 · Cited by 11
“…established that a short interval (0–15 sec) between box placement and shock is detrimental to context conditioning and that a longer interval (45–135 sec) is much more favorable (Bevins & Ayres, 1995; Fanselow, 1986, 1990; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Maes & Vossen, 1992; Westbrook et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of contextual cues previously paired with footshock or illness on behavior and pain sensitivity in the rat
McNally, G., Gorrisen, M. C., Low, L., & Westbrook, R. (1999) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209978 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
The conditions that regulate formation of a false fear memory in rats
Lingawi, N. W., Andrew, E., Laurent, V., Killcross, S., Westbrook, R. F., & Holmes, N. M. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.009 · Cited by 14
Permanent damage or temporary silencing of retrosplenial cortex impairs the expression of negative patterning discrimination
Fournier, D. I., Todd, T. P., & Bucci, D. J. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107033 · Cited by 9
Generalization of contextual fear as a function of familiarity: the role of within- and between-context associations.
Iordanova, M., & Honey, R. (2012) · Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · doi:10.1037/a0028689 · Cited by 9
α2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition in the central amygdala blocks fear-conditioning
Holmes, N. M., Crane, J. W., Tang, M., Fam, J. P., Westbrook, R. F., & Delaney, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12115-x · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Disruption of latent inhibition to a contextual stimulus with systemic amphetamine.
Norman, C., & Cassaday, H. (2004) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2004.04.002 · Cited by 8
“Whilst LI to contextual stimuli has previously been demonstrated in normal animals (e.g., Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Killcross, Kiernan, Dwyer, & Westbrook, 1998), the effects of AMP on LI to a contextual stimulus have not been directly tested.”
Background
The entorhinal cortex is involved in conditioned odor and context aversions
Ferry, B., Herbeaux, K., Javelot, H., & Majchrzak, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00342 · Cited by 7

Authors: Kiernan, M. J., & Westbrook, R. F.
Affiliations: UNSW Sydney (AU)
ORCID: Westbrook, R. F.
Venue: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1993-08
Volume: 46
Issue: 3b
Pages: 271-288
ISSN: 0272-4995 (ISSN-L)
1464-1321
DOI: 10.1080/14640749308401089
OpenAlex: W2011279846
Cited by: 132
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 0.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: freezing response, pre-exposure, latent inhibition, facilitation, associative learning, discriminability, perceptual learning, rats, fear conditioning
MeSH terms: Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Electroshock, Immobilization, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Rats, Wistar, Rats

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Effects of exposure to a to-be-shocked environment upon the rat’s freezing response: Evidence for facilitation, latent inhibition, and perceptual learning

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