‘We are Indigenous people, not primitive people.’: the role of popular music in Indigenous language revitalization in Taiwan

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao stated that polysyllabic Paiwan is more compatible compared to Mandarin.

“and the polysyllabic Paiwan is more compatible compared to Mandarin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao incorporated traditional elements or concepts in her music, but wanted people to leisurely listen to music and get to know their contemporary life.

“She would incorporate traditional elements or concepts in her music, but she wanted people to leisurely listen to music and get to know their contemporary life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao did not want people to listen to her music because she was Indigenous.

“Abao also did not want people to listen to her music because she was Indigenous (Excerpt 12).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The analysis identified four main themes: (1) their motivation to sing in Indigenous languages, (2) their planning effort for Indigenous Taiwanese, (3) their planning efforts for non-Indigenous Taiwanese, and (4) their effort in creating a better social environment for the Indigenous people.

“I identified four main themes that describe (1) their motivation to sing in Indigenous languages, (2) their planning effort for Indigenous Taiwanese, (3) their planning efforts for non-Indigenous Taiwanese, and (4) their effort in creating a better social environment for the Indigenous people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao said their generation no longer wants to present themselves with pathos.

“Abao also said their generation no longer wants to present themselves with pathos.”

May combine two claims.

Abao and Suming intended to alter the vulnerable image and present Indigenous languages with a confident image.

“Abao and Suming intended to alter the vulnerable image and present Indigenous languages with a confident image.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming viewed his music as a means to communicate with non-Indigenous people.

“Suming also viewed his music as a means to communicate with non-Indigenous people.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

An important aspect of the planning through their music is to develop mutual understanding between different ethnicities in Taiwan, so that there will be a healthy environment for Indigenous cultures, languages and identities to flourish.

“An important aspect of the planning through their music is to develop mutual understanding between different ethnicities in Taiwan, so that there will be a healthy environment for Indigenous cultures, languages and identities to flourish.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao understood that the goal for the majority to understand Indigenous people cannot be easily achieved, but it needs to start somewhere.

“Abao understood that the goal for the majority to understand Indigenous people cannot be easily achieved, but it needs to start somewhere.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In a post-award interview, Abao emphasized that she was awarded the album of the year because her music was good, not because she sang in an Indigenous language.

“In a post-award interview, Abao also emphasized that she was awarded the album of the year because her music was good, not because she sang in an Indigenous language.”

May combine two claims.

Abao and Suming tried to reconnect to their language and culture by chatting with elders in their communities and learning traditional songs from them.

“Both Abao and Suming tried to reconnect to their language and culture by chatting with the elderlies in the communities and learning traditional songs from them whenever they had a chance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both Suming and Abao experienced the Mandarin-only policy in their childhood in the 80s.

“Both Suming and Abao experienced the Mandarin-only policy in their childhood in the 80s.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Abao believed that Indigenous youth wish to connect to their culture but struggle to find a way.

“However, having been in the same situation, Abao believed that Indigenous youth wish to connect to their culture but struggle to find a way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao initiated a non-profit project called 'Nanguac' that goes to communities, records Indigenous music and publishes them online.

“Aside from the community-based projects, Abao initiated a non-profit project called ‘Nanguac’ that goes to communities, records Indigenous music and publishes them online.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao believes that understanding comes with discussion, and without discussion one will be marginalized.

“I think that understanding comes with discussion. Without discussion, one will be marginalized – you don’t want to be marginalized”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming was concerned that culture and language would only be embraced in traditional activities.

“As Excerpts 9 and 10 illustrated, Suming was concerned that culture and language would only be embraced in traditional activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming felt earlier Indigenous songs were always melancholy and seemed to be about being helpless and having no way to go, but he actually goes home quite often.

“[The (Indigenous) songs before were always melancholy. It seems that Indigenous music is all about being helpless and having no way to go, but actually, I go home quite often.]”

May combine two claims.

Abao's song '1-10' was promoted by the Ministry of Education and used by teachers in classrooms.

“her song ‘1–10’ which incorporates Paiwan numbers was promoted by the Ministry of Education and used by teachers in classrooms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Abao works on Indigenous music partly to create a space to communicate, where people can ask what Indigenous people would feel and whether something is offensive.

“[One of the reasons why I work on Indigenous music is to create a space to communicate. For example, (you can ask,) ‘What would Indigenous people feel if someone said this? Is that offensive?’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao and her generation wanted to show that the new generation is confident in themselves.

“They wanted to show that the new generation is confident in themselves.”

May combine two claims.

Although Abao could understand spoken Paiwan, she did not speak well, which caused her great anxiety.

“Therefore, although she could understand spoken Paiwan, she did not speak well, which caused her great anxiety.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Suming's first Amis album, he incorporated EDM in several songs even though it was not his style.

“In Suming’s first Amis album, he incorporated electronic dance music (EDM) in several songs, even though it was not his style.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming hoped his music could make non-Indigenous people understand the social issues that Indigenous people face.

“He hoped his music could make them understand the social issues that Indigenous people face.”

May combine two claims.

Both musicians experienced and understood the struggles of Indigenous language maintenance and found music to be a good way to reconnect to their culture.

“In summary, both musicians experienced and understood the struggles of Indigenous language maintenance and found music to be a good way to reconnect to their culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming told listeners not to worry about being unable to understand Amis with a playful message.

“Suming told listeners not to worry about being unable to understand Amis with a playful message”

• cites Promotional material of Suming’s first Amis albumNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since 2008, Suming has organized an educational initiative in his community 'Atolan.

“Since 2008, Suming has been organizing an educational initiative in his community, ‘Atolan (Dulan 都蘭).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Abao and Suming acknowledged the importance for Indigenous youth to find their confidence in Indigenous culture and languages through music.

“Having been accepted by mainstream society, Abao and Suming both acknowledged the importance for Indigenous youth to find their confidence in Indigenous culture and languages through music”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming believes culture encompasses all aspects of life; all aspects are related to each other; it is impossible for language to survive if land is taken.

“[Culture encompasses all aspects of life. All aspects are related to each other. It’s impossible for our language to survive if our land is taken [emphasis added].]”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao's work was well-received in Indigenous communities, including by the education system.

“Her work was also well-received in the Indigenous communities, even by the education system”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao believed that when something doesn't get used, it's natural that it will be eliminated, and there is nothing right or wrong about it.

“當這個東西它使用率不高的時候，被淘汰是非常自然的，沒有對或錯。 [When something doesn’t get used, it’s natural that it will be eliminated. There is nothing right or wrong about it.] (Interview or Abao, No. 66, from Commonwealth Magazine Video, 2020/5/7).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The project of documenting traditional music later turned into a music producing company, and Nanguac released an album in 2021 featuring a group of talented amateur Indigenous singer-songwriters.

“The project of documenting traditional music later turned into a music producing company – Nanguac released an album in 2021 featuring a group of talented amateur Indigenous singer-songwriters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming wanted to make Indigenous languages younger.

“[Indigenous languages are usually transmitted through folk songs or traditional songs. What I want to do is to make Indigenous languages younger.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao acknowledged the difficult situation and believed that pressure to revitalize languages should not be put on the Indigenous people.

“She acknowledged the difficult situation and believed that pressure to revitalize languages should not be put on the Indigenous people, as shown in Excerpt 2.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao thought music could be a 'relaxing' way to approach learning the Indigenous language.

“She thought Indigenous youth needed to find their motivation to learn the Indigenous language, and music could be a ‘relaxing’ way to approach it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming's slogan is: 'You need to know it to like it; you need to like it to identify with it.'

“[You need to know it to like it; you need to like it to identify with it.]”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Abao believes that a lot of discrimination was not necessarily hostile but rather stemmed from ignorance.

“Abao believes that a lot of discrimination was not necessarily hostile but rather stemmed from ignorance.”

May combine two claims.

These performance opportunities motivated youngsters to practice Indigenous music and showed them future possibilities.

“These opportunities motivated the youngsters to practice Indigenous music and showed them future possibilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming hoped non-Indigenous people would further care about Indigenous people's social situation as they had an emotional connection to the community through the experience.

“He hoped that they would further care about Indigenous people’s social situation as they had an emotional connection to the community through the experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming grew up in a rural Amis community with Amis as his home language.

“Suming grew up in a rural Amis community with Amis as his home language.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Suming and Abao believed their music was a good way for non-Indigenous people to get to know their culture and language.

“Suming and Abao believed their music was a good way for non-Indigenous people to get to know their culture and language.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming's community had been fighting against developers and the local government who planned to develop a resort through Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) on their traditional territory.

“Suming’s community had been fighting against developers and the local government who planned to develop a resort through Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) on their traditional territory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since then, Abao has had school requests asking her to write more songs.

“Since then, she has had school requests asking her to write more songs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao thought Indigenous youth needed to find their motivation to learn the Indigenous language.

“She thought Indigenous youth needed to find their motivation to learn the Indigenous language, and music could be a ‘relaxing’ way to approach it.”

May combine two claims.

Suming began to recognize the importance of Indigenous languages when he moved to the Southern part of Taiwan for military service in his 20s and was bullied for not speaking Southern Min.

“Suming began to recognize the importance of Indigenous languages when he moved to the Southern part of Taiwan for military service in his 20s and was bullied for not speaking Southern Min.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao's ambition is to have Indigenous languages in the music playlist of everyone in Taiwan, so they exist in everyone's life.

“Abao’s ambition is to have Indigenous languages in the music playlist of everyone in Taiwan, so they exist in everyone’s life.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous languages are recognized as national languages in Taiwan but are rarely heard there.

May combine two claims.

They both created spaces/structures to continue the language activism - Suming created yearly festivals in his community and further developed the musical event into a community organization 'Atolan Style; Abao established the project 'Nanguac', which aimed to encourage more Indigenous people to create music in Indigenous languages.

“Furthermore, they both created spaces/structures to continue the language activism – Suming created yearly festivals in his community and further developed the musical event into a community organization ‘Atolan Style; Abao established the project ‘Nanguac’, which aimed to encourage more Indigenous people to create music in Indigenous languages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao compared Indigenous languages to English and French as she hoped they could be learned by majority speakers like a foreign language so that the languages could be used more.

“In an interview, Abao also compared Indigenous languages to English and French as she hoped they could be learned by majority speakers like a foreign language so that the languages could be used more.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao encouraged Indigenous musicians to write in their ethnic language regardless of their proficiency level.

“She encouraged the Indigenous musicians to write in their ethnic language regardless of their proficiency level”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Land, culture, and language are all interrelated.

“As Suming said in an interview, land, culture, and language are all interrelated (Excerpt 16).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao emphasized that combining western music genres with Paiwan was an artistic choice.

“Abao also made a point to emphasize that combining the western music genres with Paiwan was an artistic choice”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao regularly holds songwriting workshops to teach young Indigenous musicians music production techniques, so there can be more Indigenous musicians in the industry.

“Abao also regularly holds songwriting workshops to teach young Indigenous musicians music production techniques, so there can be more Indigenous musicians in the industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both musicians hoped their music could present a brighter image of Indigenous people.

“Both musicians hoped their music could present a brighter image of Indigenous people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Whenever Abao had performance opportunities, she tried to bring youngsters in her community to perform with her to experience the performance stage.

“Similarly, whenever Abao had performance opportunities, she tried to bring youngsters in her community to perform with her to experience the performance stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming believed a positive image could attract more people to listen to Indigenous music.

“He believed a positive image could attract more people to listen to Indigenous music.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Abao's observation of children picking up English lyrics motivated her to create popular music with Paiwan lyrics.

“She wondered whether they would have a different perspective on their ethnic language if these songs were in an Indigenous language – which motivated her to create popular music with Paiwan lyrics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming was worried people would have many stereotypes about Indigenous people, so he believed they must show they live in the present.

“I’m worried that people would have many stereotypes about us, so we must show that we live in the present.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Abao understood why Indigenous parents would shift to Mandarin (or even English).

“She understood why Indigenous parents would shift to Mandarin (or even English).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming emphasized the importance of bringing Indigenous culture to the present.

“Suming also emphasized the importance of bringing Indigenous culture to the present.”

May combine two claims.

Suming tried to present himself and the Indigenous life in his music without much sorrow, even though he was frustrated with social inequality.

“Suming tried to present himself and the Indigenous life in his music without much sorrow, even though he was frustrated with social inequality (Excerpt 11).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming and Abao had great respect for musicians who work on preserving traditional songs.

“While Suming and Abao had great respect for musicians who work on preserving traditional songs, they both felt strongly that their music should present their current lifestyle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao's intended music concept is to showcase 'rhythm'.

“her intended music concept is to showcase ‘rhythm’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming told youth in his community: 'We are Indigenous people, not primitive people. We live in the present moment.'

“I’ve always told the youth in my community: We are Indigenous people, not primitive people. We live in the present moment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The headquarters of 'Atolan Style is also used as a study space for local children to have Amis lessons.

“The headquarters of ‘Atolan Style is also used as a study space for local children to have Amis lessons.”

May combine two claims.

Suming advocated using modern technology to record, interpret and revitalize traditional culture because he believed that culture and language need to be embraced in everyday life to survive.

“He advocated using modern technology to record, interpret and revitalize traditional culture because he believed that culture and language need to be embraced in everyday life to survive.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

By presenting the Indigenous languages with popular music genres, Suming and Abao hoped to create new images for the languages.

“By presenting the Indigenous languages with popular music genres, they hoped to create new images for the languages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming organized these activities to encourage young people to stay in the community.

“Suming did this to encourage the young people to stay in the community”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao and her generation tried to break out of the stereotype that Indigenous Taiwanese are oppressed.

“They tried to break out of the stereotype that Indigenous Taiwanese are oppressed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Abao personally does not like it when people listen to her music because of cultural responsibilities; for her, it is like extra credits or a subsidy.

“[personally, I don’t like it when people listen to my music because of the cultural responsibilities. For me, it’s like extra credits or a subsidy.]”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao emphasized the importance of agency for Indigenous people to present the languages in their narratives.

“Excerpt 6 is a comment from Abao which emphasizes the importance of agency for Indigenous people to present the languages in their narratives.”

• cites Interview of Abao, No. 76, from GQ Taiwan, 2020/12/3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In the past, when Indigenous culture and language were showcased in mainstream media, they were usually presented with the majority speaker's perspectives or stereotypes.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Abao believed that if more musicians worked on Indigenous pop, it could become a well-recognized genre in Taiwan.

“Moreover, Abao believed that if more musicians worked on Indigenous pop, it could become a well-recognized genre in Taiwan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao and Suming viewed these performances as a way for youngsters to develop confidence in their languages.

“Abao and Suming viewed these performances as a way for youngsters to develop confidence in their languages.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Abao experienced and observed a lack of Indigenous language use that results in language loss.

“Abao experienced and observed a lack of Indigenous language use that results in language loss.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Abao saw kindergarten kids in the community quickly pick up English lyrics before they could speak their ethnic language.

“She saw the kindergarten kids in the community quickly pick up English lyrics before they could speak their ethnic language.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suming organized concerts in 'Atolan that featured him and the youngsters, and the revenue generated was used to fund future educational activities.

“He then organized concerts in ‘Atolan that featured him and the youngsters, and the revenue generated was used to fund future educational activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abao hoped people could understand the life of minority people through her album, and that the work could give a glance at their life; she hoped to foster more understanding and less misconception.

“[I hope you can understand the life of minority people through this album … I hope the work can give you a glance at their life. You don’t need to force yourself to love it, but at least try to get to know it. By listening to music, we can have a dialogue. I hope to foster more understanding and less misconception.]”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suming believed culture needs to live in the present moment; otherwise it will enter the museum and die.

“[Culture needs to live in the present moment. Otherwise, it will just enter the museum and die]”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao referred to her albums as her 'Paiwan language workbook' in many interviews.

“Abao referred to her albums as her ‘Paiwan language workbook’ in many interviews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of Suming's educational initiative was later extended into creating the Amis Music Festival that involved the whole 'Atolan community.

“The concept was later extended into creating the Amis Music Festival that involved the whole ‘Atolan community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao attributed the older generation's tendency to hide their identity to deep insecurity resulting from discrimination.

“Abao pointed out that, as a result, the older generation was deeply insecure, so they tended to hide their identity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous Taiwanese have been discriminated against by settlers for a long time.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Suming and Abao felt strongly that their music should present their current lifestyle.

“While Suming and Abao had great respect for musicians who work on preserving traditional songs, they both felt strongly that their music should present their current lifestyle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since 2020, the Amis Music Festival has developed into a community-based social enterprise ('Atolan Style) that regularly organizes concerts, farmer's markets, exhibitions, seminars, workshops, and guided tours.

“Since 2020, the Amis Music Festival has developed into a community-based social enterprise (‘Atolan Style; 都蘭國) that regularly organizes concerts, farmer’s markets, exhibitions, seminars, workshops, and guided tours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abao believed the responsibility of passing down the cultural legacy can be daunting for youth.

“The responsibility of passing down the cultural legacy can also be daunting for youth.”

May combine two claims.

The Amis music festivals and the later developed NPO 'Atolan style' were another path to revitalize language and culture and contribute to community development through cultural tourism.

“the Amis music festivals and the later developed NPO ‘Atolan style’ were another path to revitalize language and culture and contribute to community development through cultural tourism”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bringing youngsters from their communities to perform connects events to people.

“bringing youngsters from their communities to perform connects events to people”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The content of the music that attempted to spark cross-ethnic discussion connects the non-Indigenous people to Indigenous people/culture.

“The content of the music that attempted to spark cross-ethnic discussion connects the non-Indigenous people to Indigenous people/culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Suming's initiative in regenerating the 'Atolan community through festivals and raising the awareness of land justice also connects the non-Indigenous people to the Indigenous space - the local economy the festivals created further connects financial resources to the Indigenous people and space.

“Suming’s initiative in regenerating the ‘Atolan community through festivals and raising the awareness of land justice also connects the non-Indigenous people to the Indigenous space – the local economy the festivals created further connects financial resources to the Indigenous people and space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Currently, all Formosan languages are considered in danger by UNESCO: eight were considered 'vulnerable', with the rest being either 'endangered' or 'extinct'.

“Currently, all the Formosan languages are considered in danger by UNESCO: eight were considered ‘vulnerable’, with the rest being either ‘endangered’ or ‘extinct’ (Moseley, Citation2010).”

• cites Moseley, Citation2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The findings have practical implications for Indigenous language revitalization.

“have practical implications for Indigenous language revitalization”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous languages in Taiwan are experiencing various degrees of language endangerment.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous language revitalization has become an important agenda for language planning and policy worldwide.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An ecological approach to language planning and policy seeks to examine how language policies interact at multiple levels of social organization and whether language policies promote equitable multilingualism.

“Ultimately it seeks to examine how language policies interact at multiple levels of social organization and whether language policies promote equitable multilingualism (Hornberger & Hult, Citation2008).”

• cites Hornberger & Hult, Citation2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many cases were negative where Indigenous culture has been commodified and constructed by the dominant culture to satisfy their fascination for the exotic Others.

“Many cases were negative where Indigenous culture has been commodified and constructed by the dominant culture to satisfy their fascination for the exotic Others – the most famous example being Hawaiian (Schroeder & Borgerson, Citation1999).”

• cites Schroeder & Borgerson, Citation1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

More and more studies have shifted from examining macro-level planning to micro-level language planning, as language planning activities need to account for needs specific to the local context.

“As a result, more and more studies have shifted from examining macro-level planning to micro-level language planning (Baldauf & Richard, Citation2006) as language planning activities need to account for needs specific to the local context (Hogan-Brun, Citation2010; Liddicoat & Baldauf, Citation2008).”

• cites Baldauf & Richard, Citation2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hogan-Brun, Citation2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Liddicoat & Baldauf, Citation2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Regarding corpus and acquisition planning, the government started to sponsor the codification of Indigenous languages, issued standardized orthographic systems, and developed educational materials for Indigenous languages.

“Regarding corpus and acquisition planning, the government started to sponsor the codification of Indigenous languages, issued standardized orthographic systems, and developed educational materials for Indigenous languages (Lin et al., Citation2019).”

• cites Lin et al., Citation2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The lack of Indigenous language use is generally associated with younger age, smaller ethnic groups, higher education levels, intermarriage and emigration to the urban area.

“The lack of Indigenous language use is generally associated with younger age, smaller ethnic groups, higher education levels, intermarriage and emigration to the urban area (Liu, Citation2017).”

• cites Liu, Citation2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Common contexts for local agencies include local implementation or contestation of macro-level policy, local initiatives in the absence of macro-level policy, and creating new opportunities for multilingual development.

“Common contexts for local agencies include local implementation or contestation of macro-level policy, local initiatives in the absence of macro-level policy, and creating new opportunities for multilingual development (Liddicoat & Taylor-Leech, Citation2014).”

• cites Liddicoat & Taylor-Leech, Citation2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Combining hip hop or rock with Indigenous languages was a powerful way to facilitate language learning.

“Combining hip hop or rock with the Indigenous languages was a powerful way to facilitate language learning (Fonseca-Mora & Gant, Citation2016)”

• cites Fonseca-Mora & Gant, Citation2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Although the goals of prestige/image planning are not as concrete as status, corpus and acquisition planning, it is nonetheless essential to the success of all types of language planning.

“Although the goals of prestige/image planning are not as concrete as status, corpus and acquisition planning, it is nonetheless essential to the success of all types of language planning (Ager, Citation2005, p. 20).”

• cites Ager, Citation2005, p. 20Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Speaking a local language was no longer stigmatized but instead became a symbol of Taiwanese identity.

“Speaking a local language was no longer stigmatized but instead became a symbol of Taiwanese identity (Mo, Citation2000).”

• cites Mo, Citation2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Popular culture spaces are considered important domains of language activism.

“Popular culture spaces are thus considered important domains of language activism (De Korne, Citation2021, pp. 165–187).”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a large body of literature in cultural studies, often done in the context of consumerism, imperialism, and colonialism, which examines ethnic music as a cultural commodity.

“There is a large body of literature in cultural studies, often done in the context of consumerism, imperialism, and colonialism (Clifford, Citation1988; Drinnon, Citation1997; Said, Citation1993) which examines ethnic music as a cultural commodity.”

• cites Clifford, Citation1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Drinnon, Citation1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Said, Citation1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Studies have suggested that Indigenous popular music has brought positive new energy to Indigenous language revitalization.

“Although studies have suggested that Indigenous popular music has brought positive new energy to Indigenous language revitalization”

May combine two claims.

English education has been perceived with higher status and has received more resources.

“Also, as the government simultaneously promotes internationalization, intending to become a Bilingual Nation by 2030, English education has been perceived with higher status and has received more resources, which inhibits the development of local language education (Ferrer & Lin, Citation2021; Hsu, Citation2021).”

• cites Ferrer & Lin, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hsu, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Language ecology studies the interaction between different languages and is concerned with the effects of speakers' sociological and psychological environments.

“Language ecology studies the interaction between different languages and is concerned with the effects of speakers’ sociological and psychological environments (Haugen, Citation1972).”

• cites Haugen, Citation1972Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Planning for tolerability plays an integral part in language planning.

“Planning for tolerability thus plays an integral part in language planning and deserves more attention (de Bres, Citation2008).”

• cites de Bres, Citation2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The main obstacles for youngsters not learning the language are social-economic issues, institutional racism in urban schools, and lack of economic utility.

“The main obstacles for youngsters not learning the language are social-economic issues, institutional racism in urban schools, and lack of economic utility (McNaught, Citation2021).”

• cites McNaught, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lack of intergenerational transmission and emigration to the urban areas also contributed to the shift from the Indigenous languages to Mandarin.

“Lack of intergenerational transmission and emigration to the urban areas also contributed to the shift from the Indigenous languages to Mandarin (Zeitoun et al., Citation2003).”

• cites Zeitoun et al., Citation2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One domain of micro-level language planning that has emerged in the past two decades is popular music.

“One domain of micro-level language planning that has emerged in the past two decades is popular music.”

• cites Ortiz, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The findings contribute to the development of a repertoire of strategies in language activism.

“The findings contribute to the development of a repertoire of strategies in language activism”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous languages in Taiwan are experiencing various degrees of language endangerment.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous language revitalization has become an important agenda for language planning and policy worldwide.

May combine two claims.

The indigenous people were thus ambivalent towards their languages due to the lower socioeconomic value of the Indigenous languages and their struggling Indigenous identity.

“The indigenous people were thus ambivalent towards their languages due to the lower socioeconomic value of the Indigenous languages and their struggling Indigenous identity (Tang, Citation2015).”

• cites Tang, Citation2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ethnic music commodification could have a positive impact on identity building and cultural revival for local musicians.

“However, as the production and distribution of music become more accessible in the digital age, there is a better chance for Indigenous people to regain their agency in music production (Stobart, Citation2011), and ethnic music commodification could have a positive impact on identity building and cultural revival for local musicians (Su, Citation2011).”

• cites Su, Citation2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In the context of language (re)vitalization of a minority language, an ecological approach suggests that language planning should not ignore the majority language community.

“In the context of language (re)vitalization of a minority language, an ecological approach suggests that language planning should not ignore the majority language community, as negative attitudes from the majority language community towards a minority language might inhibit minority language use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An Indigenous TV station was also established in 2005, which has helped promote these minority languages.

“An Indigenous TV station was also established in 2005, which has helped promote these minority languages (Wu & Lau, Citation2019, p. 160).”

• cites Wu & Lau, Citation2019, p. 160Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

May (2000) observed that minority language policies often generate opposition from majority language speakers.

“May (Citation2000) observed that minority language policies often generate opposition from majority language speakers, and he referred to this opposition as ‘the problem of tolerability’.”

• cites May (Citation2000)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Language planning was traditionally viewed as a top-down, government-led activity, but there was a growing recognition of the importance of a bottom-up, community-led approach in language planning.

“While language planning was traditionally viewed as a top-down, government-led activity, there was a growing recognition of the importance of a bottom-up, community-led approach in language planning (Ricento & Hornberger, Citation1996).”

• cites Ricento & Hornberger, Citation1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Combining hip hop or rock with Indigenous languages helped speakers overcome insecurity and empower Indigenous people, as observed in Finland and Latin America.

“and helped speakers overcome insecurity and empower Indigenous people, as observed in Finland (Moriarty & Pietikäinen, Citation2011) and Latin America (Barrett, Citation2016; Cru, Citation2017; Farfán & Cru, Citation2020).”

• cites Moriarty & Pietikäinen, Citation2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Barrett, Citation2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cru, Citation2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the policy of giving extra credits for passing the Indigenous language proficiency test was meant to encourage Indigenous students to learn their ethnic languages, the link between language use and affirmative action strengthened the helpless image of the Indigenous languages and people.

“Although this policy was meant to encourage Indigenous students to learn their ethnic languages, the link between language use and affirmative action strengthened the helpless image of the Indigenous languages and people.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The government has been criticized for giving Indigenous students extra credits for college entrance exams if they pass the Indigenous language proficiency test.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

One cannot only revitalize language without considering other aspects of the cultures.

“However, as voiced by Suming, one cannot only revitalize language without considering other aspects of the cultures.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In the case of 'Atolan, the government wanted the Amis people to revitalize their language while also trying to exploit their traditional territory.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In De Korne's framework, language activism strategies are organized in their actions, goals, and characteristics.

“In her framework, language activism strategies are organized in their actions, goals, and characteristics (De Korne, Citation2021, pp. 17–22).”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Abao has demonstrated that writing in one's ethnic language is an excellent way to learn and use the language.

“she has demonstrated that this is an excellent way to learn and use the language.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In De Korne's framework, the characteristics of language activism strategies vary in terms of location, timeframe, visibility/mobility, socio-historical orientation, diversity orientation, and participation.

“The characteristics of the strategies allow us to describe language activism that varies in terms of its location, timeframe, visibility/mobility, socio-historical orientation, diversity orientation, and participation.”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The public discourse was chosen to capture their activism because it is accessible and presented to the public in Taiwan.

“The public discourse was chosen to capture their activism because it is accessible and presented to the public in Taiwan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their experience enabled them to understand the difficulty of revitalizing the language on the ground.

“Their experience enabled them to understand the difficulty of revitalizing the language on the ground.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The situation for the Indigenous language revitalization remains grim.

“The situation for the Indigenous language revitalization remains grim (Chao, Citation2014).”

• cites Chao, Citation2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In De Korne's framework, the goals of language activism strategies are resources, events, spaces/structure, people/identities, and communication practices.

“These actions are targeted with the goals of resources, events, spaces/structure, people/identities, and communication practices.”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Singing and performing in Indigenous language helps develop the prestige of the Indigenous language.

“Moreover, singing and performing in their Indigenous language also helps develop the prestige of the Indigenous language.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous languages are recognized as national languages in Taiwan but are rarely heard there.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In De Korne's framework, actions of language activism strategies can be representing, connecting, and/or creating.

“In terms of actions, a strategy can be representing, connecting, and/or creating.”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The social media pages of the musicians and their affiliated organizations were tracked during 2021 because social media was an important platform for the musicians to promote their activities, ensuring the discourse collected was as comprehensive as possible.

“In addition, the social media pages (e.g. Facebook) of the musicians and their affiliated organizations were also tracked during 2021 because it was also an important platform for the musicians to promote their activities to ensure the discourse collected was as comprehensive as possible.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

De Korne conceptualizes language activism as a social project that advocates for linguistic equality and aims to describe how each strategy is contextualized in its specific language ecology.

“Under this framework, De Korne conceptualizes language activism as a social project that advocates for linguistic equality and aims to describe how each strategy is contextualized in its specific language ecology.”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indigenous languages were not only oppressed as non-standard languages but also discriminated against by the majority Han Chinese.

“His experience reflects that Indigenous languages were not only oppressed as non-standard languages but also discriminated against by the majority Han Chinese.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Abao's aim to establish Indigenous pop as a genre is one possible path.

“Abao’s aim to establish Indigenous pop as a genre is one possible path.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This is similar to what has been observed in the literature (Farfán & Cru, Citation2020; Moriarty & Pietikäinen, Citation2011).

“This is similar to what has been observed in the literature (Farfán & Cru, Citation2020; Moriarty & Pietikäinen, Citation2011).”

• cites Farfán & Cru, Citation2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moriarty & Pietikäinen, Citation2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For example, cultural industry and tourism were identified as industries within the Te Reo Māori language economy (Roskruge et al., Citation2017).

“For example, cultural industry and tourism were identified as industries within the Te Reo Māori language economy (Roskruge et al., Citation2017).”

• cites Roskruge et al., Citation2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Representing was an important action in De Korne's analysis of Isthmus Zapotec's popular culture.

“Representing was also an important action in De Korne’s analysis of Isthmus Zapotec's popular culture.”

• cites De KorneNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible that the hip hop genre has already been signified with Southern Min because rap has been linked to expressing localness by Southern Min as its style shares many similarities with traditional Southern Min liām-kua唸歌 (songs with narration) (Schweig, Citation2014).

“It is possible that the hip hop genre has already been signified with Southern Min because rap has been linked to expressing localness by Southern Min as its style shares many similarities with traditional Southern Min liām-kua唸歌 (songs with narration) (Schweig, Citation2014).”

• cites Schweig, Citation2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both musicians understand the financial pressure that Indigenous people are facing and aim to develop paths to incentivize language revitalization.

“Both musicians understand the financial pressure that Indigenous people are facing and aim to develop paths to incentivize language revitalization.”

May combine two claims.

In addition, their music and activities also represent the Indigenous people/identity and further empower Indigenous people and motivate them to speak/learn their languages.

“In addition, their music and activities also represent the Indigenous people/identity and further empower Indigenous people and motivate them to speak/learn their languages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This can also be viewed as a way to manage the problem of tolerability.

“This can also be viewed as a way to manage the problem of tolerability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Although the Indigenous languages might not be used extensively through cultural tourism, the economic profit could still help support language revitalization in communities (Kelly-Holmes & Pietikäinen, Citation2014).

“Although the Indigenous languages might not be used extensively through cultural tourism, the economic profit could still help support language revitalization in communities (Kelly-Holmes & Pietikäinen, Citation2014).”

• cites Kelly-Holmes & Pietikäinen, Citation2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The connection between resources, events, space/structures, people/identities, and/or communication practices were generally found in the domains of education (De Korne, Citation2021, pp. 196-198).

“The connection between resources, events, space/structures, people/identities, and/or communication practices were generally found in the domains of education (De Korne, Citation2021, pp. 196–198).”

• cites De Korne, Citation2021, pp. 196–198Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These creations allow the urban Indigenous people to have opportunities to use the Indigenous languages while they are away from the Indigenous communities; it also provides new energy and projects a possible outlook for Indigenous languages for the rural Indigenous people.

“These creations allow the urban Indigenous people to have opportunities to use the Indigenous languages while they are away from the Indigenous communities; it also provides new energy and projects a possible outlook for Indigenous languages for the rural Indigenous people.”

May combine two claims.

Their concept of using Indigenous popular music to capture the modern life of the Indigenous people is also an attempt to normalize the Indigenous languages and avoid the Indigenous languages being marginalized into traditional ceremonies or presentational performances.

“Their concept of using Indigenous popular music to capture the modern life of the Indigenous people is also an attempt to normalize the Indigenous languages and avoid the Indigenous languages being marginalized into traditional ceremonies or presentational performances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is unsurprising that musicians employ these strategic creations due to their performative nature.

“It is unsurprising that musicians employ these strategic creations due to their performative nature.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Indigenous language activists are known to conceptualize language as a form of identity, spirituality, and connection to land and people, and language revitalization needs to be extended to social transformation (Meek, Citation2010).

“Indigenous language activists are known to conceptualize language as a form of identity, spirituality, and connection to land and people, and language revitalization needs to be extended to social transformation (Meek, Citation2010).”

• cites Meek, Citation2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As a result, Indigenous pop aims to find another way to highlight their identity.

“As a result, Indigenous pop aims to find another way to highlight their identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The language activism of the two singer-songwriters provides possible future directions in Indigenous language revitalization.

“Their language activism also demonstrates the importance of language ecology and the planning of tolerability and provides possible future directions in Indigenous language revitalization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Creating economic values for minority languages is an important but often ignored aspect of language revitalization (Olko, Citation2021).

“Creating economic values for minority languages is an important but often ignored aspect of language revitalization (Olko, Citation2021).”

• cites Olko, Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The commodification of Indigenous music is a way to bring economic value and can be a positive means for communication when Indigenous musicians have the agency.

“The commodification of Indigenous music is a way to bring economic value and can be a positive means for communication when Indigenous musicians have the agency”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This is parallel to several grass-root cases of converting cultural heritage (e.g. weaving, edible heritage, Indigenous knowledge and so on) into economic capital through ecotourism observed in some Indigenous communities in Taiwan - these local industries also provide sustainable ways for self-empowerment, cultural identity, and restoring the cultural heritage (Yeh et al., Citation2021).

“This is parallel to several grass-root cases of converting cultural heritage (e.g. weaving, edible heritage, Indigenous knowledge and so on) into economic capital through ecotourism observed in some Indigenous communities in Taiwan – these local industries also provide sustainable ways for self-empowerment, cultural identity, and restoring the cultural heritage (Yeh et al., Citation2021).”

• cites Yeh et al., Citation2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By using music as a platform, the connections of non-Indigenous people aimed to deepen the cross-cultural understanding and create a friendlier environment for Indigenous development.

“By using music as a platform, the connections of non-Indigenous people aimed to deepen the cross-cultural understanding and create a friendlier environment for Indigenous development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These connections could also be national (all Indigenous Taiwanese, as the Nanguac project demonstrated), so it can create a sense of community for all the Indigenous Taiwanese to overcome the diversity of ethnicity and urban/rural divide.

“However, it could also be national (all Indigenous Taiwanese, as the Nanguac project demonstrated), so it can create a sense of community for all the Indigenous Taiwanese to overcome the diversity of ethnicity and urban/rural divide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These external images do not encourage young Indigenous people to learn and use their languages.

“These external images do not encourage young Indigenous people to learn and use their languages.”