A core approach to practice‐based evidence: A brief history of the origins and applications of the CORE‐OM and CORE System
Abstract
This article reviews the development of the CORE‐OM and CORE System from 1995 to 2005 in the context of the need to measure, monitor, and manage the delivery of counselling and the psychological therapies in service of providing best quality care for clients. The origins and philosophy of these tools are summarised and practical aspects of how to use them in routine service settings are set out, including an easy to use look‐up table of differing ways of presenting CORE‐OM scores and their associated meaning. The wider family of CORE outcome measures is briefly outlined to show the relationship between the various versions and how each is designed for a specific purpose. These outcome tools are set within the broader context of the CORE System. In turn, the CORE‐OM and CORE System are placed within the paradigm of practice‐based evidence and examples are provided of how these tools have been applied in routine as well as more traditional evaluative settings. The aim of the present article is two‐fold. The first aim is to provide a background to the origins and development of the CORE‐OM and its role as part of the broader‐based CORE System during the period 1995 to 2005. The second aim is to consider the applications of both the CORE‐OM and CORE System within the context of the developing paradigm of practice‐based evidence up to 2005.
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Louise showed reliable change on the CORE-OM, with pretest 24, postscore 13, and reliable change value 5.
“Similarly, she showed reliable change on the CORE- OM (pretest- 24; postscore- 13; reliable change value: 5; see Barkham et al.,2006).”
From Developing an emotion‐focused therapy model for fear of cancer recurrence: A case‐level task analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as Barkham et al.,2006
Cites
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Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE–OM
Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., & Audin, K. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.1.51 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Self-citationCORE: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation
Evans, C., Mellor-Clark, J., Margison, F., Barkham, M., Audin, K., Connell, J., & McGrath, G. (2000) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/713680250 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Self-citationBarkham, M., Margison, F., Leach, C., Lucock, M., Mellor-Clark, J., Evans, C., Benson, L., Connell, J., Audin, K., & McGrath, G. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.184 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring, monitoring and managing the psychological well-being of first year university students
Cooke, R., Bewick, B. M., Barkham, M., Bradley, M., & Audin, K. (2006) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880600942624 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationDose-effect relations and responsive regulation of treatment duration: The good enough level.
Barkham, M., Connell, J., Stiles, W. B., Miles, J. N. V., Margison, F., Evans, C., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.160 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly sudden gains in psychotherapy under routine clinic conditions: Practice-based evidence.
Stiles, W. B., Leach, C., Barkham, M., Lucock, M., Iveson, S., Shapiro, D. A., Iveson, M., & Hardy, G. E. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.14 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy in routine care
Cavanagh, K., Shapiro, D. A., Van den Berg, S., Swain, S., Barkham, M., & Proudfoot, J. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x84782 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Marshall, C., & Mellor‐Clark, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.384 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Since its development, the CORE-OM has been verified in a general population sample (Connell et al, submitted), large samples in primary care (Evans, Connell, Barkham, Marshall & Mellor-Clark, 2003 ; Mellor-Clark et al, 2001), in secondary care settings (Barkham et al, 2001), and both primary and secondary settings (B…”
MethodSelf-citationConnell, J., Barkham, M., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2007) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880601106781 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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Changes in undergraduate students’ psychological well‐being as they progress through university
Bewick, B., Koutsopoulou, G., Miles, J., Slaa, E., & Barkham, M. (2010) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070903216643 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementing routine outcome monitoring in clinical practice: Benefits, challenges, and solutions
Boswell, J. F., Kraus, D. R., Miller, S. D., & Lambert, M. J. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.817696 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Barkham, M., Bewick, B., Mullin, T., Gilbody, S., Connell, J., Cahill, J., Mellor-Clark, J., Richards, D., Unsworth, G., & Evans, C. (2013) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2012.729069 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Self-citationBewick, B. M., Gill, J., Mulhern, B., Barkham, M., & Hill, A. J. (2008) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v4i2.120 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationHallberg, J., Kaldo, V., Arver, S., Dhejne, C., Jokinen, J., & Öberg, K. G. (2019) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Client initiated termination of therapy at NHS primary care counselling services
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Self-citationWaters, C. S., Annear, B., Flockhart, G., Jones, I., Simmonds, J. R., Smith, S., Traylor, C., & Williams, J. F. (2020) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12261 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The CORE-OM is a well-validated, reliable, and widely used outcome measure of psychological treatments (Barkham et al. 2006; Barkham, Mullin, Leach, Stiles, & Lucock, 2007; Evans et al., 2002).”
MethodHallberg, J., Kaldo, V., Arver, S., Dhejne, C., Piwowar, M., Jokinen, J., & Öberg, K. G. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Victor, M., Lau, B., & Ruud, T. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3431-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Almeida, S. N., Elliott, R., Silva, E. R., & Sales, C. M. D. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12624 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., Connell, J., & Cahill, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- CORE Information Management Systems
- Corresponding author
- Barkham, Michael
- Venue
- Counselling and Psychotherapy Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-15
- ISSN
- 1473-3145 (ISSN-L)
- 1746-1405
- OpenAlex
- W2083869465
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 11.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Counselling and Psychotherapy Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- CORE-OM, core system, practice-based evidence, outcome measurement, psychotherapy, counseling, outcome measures, service delivery monitoring, quality of care
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