Cited by 124Hong Kong and Taiwan PoliticsSocial Media and PoliticsLatin American socio-political dynamics

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Explaining spontaneous occupation: antecedents, contingencies and spaces in the Umbrella Movement

Cheng, Edmund W., Chan, Wai-Yin·2017·Social Movement Studies

DOI 10.1080/14742837.2016.1252667

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Abstract

This paper examines the antecedent and contingent causes sparking the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Spurred by two contingent events generating pre-emptive and backlash mobilization, the movement is a spontaneous transformation of the staged Occupy Central campaign. Based on an onsite survey (n = 1681) and in-depth interviews (n = 18), this paper demonstrates how protest experience and social media networked and rallied autonomous individuals from diverse backgrounds to occupy the physical spaces, thereby sustaining a self-mobilized, horizontal and resilient movement. Spontaneity, however, did not come out of nowhere. As an integral part of Hong Kong’s bottom-up activism and ecology, this spontaneous episode encapsulates antecedent events diffusing stalwart actors, decentralized organization and transgressive repertories. This paper situates spontaneity in temporal, spatial and emotional contexts to understand the uncompromising claims and participatory practices of the spectacular occupation.

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From Occupy Wall Street to the Umbrella Movement: Leaderless Uprising Explained
Choi, W. K. (2018) · Perspectives on Global Development and Technology · doi:10.1163/15691497-12341475 · Cited by 2
Palimpsests of civicness: Spontaneity and the Egyptian Uprising/Cairo 2011
Ezzat, H. R. (2022) · Journal of Civil Society · doi:10.1080/17448689.2022.2125416 · Cited by 2
Learn to disobey: Evolution of “civil disobedience” and the transforming sociopolitical context of Hong Kong
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Documenter les espaces de vie des Gilets jaunes pour éclairer l’émergence et la dynamique du mouvement. De l’automobilité défendue à la métropolisation combattue ?
Walker, É., & Butin, S. (2025) · Géocarrefour · doi:10.4000/14lrn · Cited by 1
Explaining tactical shift: interpretive changes of political opportunity and strategic interaction in Hong Kong’s pro-democracy movement, 2010 to 2019
Li, H. (2025) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.1080/21620555.2025.2582516 · Cited by 1
“This education initiative was successfully halted, which encouraged the student activists to join the OCLP campaign, which later transformed into the Umbrella Movement (Cheng and Chan 2017).”
Subjective consequences of social movement participation: the impact of Occupy Central on mental health in Hong Kong
Miao, J., & Wu, X. (2026) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.1080/21620555.2026.2650269 · Cited by 1
“…in both levels of engagement and social background: nearly 60% of participants were involved in relatively moderate activities such as singing, discussions, and reading, while only about one-fifth engaged in more demanding tasks like patrolling and frontline defense (Cheng and Chan 2017).”
What Can Software Tell Us About Media Coverage and Public Opinion? An Analysis of Political News Posts and Audience Comments on Facebook by Computerised Method
Song, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67256-4_18 · Cited by 1
“A series student-police conflicts and police arrests of student leaders, and the police firing tear gas into the protesting crowd on the first day of the occupation, led to not only the scaling up of the protest, but also to a more dispersed and increasingly decentralised campaign formation [13, 14].”
Background
Impacts of the socio-political instability in Hong Kong on university students’ learning experience
Fung, H. T. Y. (2021) · International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd) · doi:10.4995/head21.2021.12834 · Cited by 2
Ordinary citizens and political crises: The Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Movement (2019-2020)
Serrano-Moreno, J. E. (2023) · Estudios Internacionales · doi:10.5354/0719-3769.2023.71195 · Cited by 1
“The radicalisation of Hong Kong civil society seems evident if we compare the protests in 2019 and the Um-brella Movement in 2014, mainly based on peaceful civil disobedience and the occupation of public spaces (Cheng, 2016; Cheng and Chan, 2016).”
Background
Diffusion, Polyphony, and Diversity
Guo, T. (2024) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1215/00219118-11043649 · Cited by 1
Political Participation by Political Bloggers in Hong Kong: A Case Study of the 2014 Umbrella Movement
Tam, W. (2018) · Journal of Current Chinese Affairs · doi:10.1177/186810261804700105 · Cited by 1
“In short, Cheng and Chan (2017) and Lee and Chan (2018) provide important context as to how social media mattered to the Umbrella Movement, and why online activism was an essential means by which to mobilise and sustain decentralised protests.”
Background
Firing the monk when the ceremony is over: A study on the split between student protesters and their leaders after the 2014 Umbrella Movement
Chan, C. S., Wong, C. Y. F., & Fan, A. Y. (2020) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12443
Autonomía administrativa sin autonomía política. La aplicación del modelo “un país dos sistemas” en Hong Kong.
Serrano-Moreno, J. E. (2020) · Revista de Direito Internacional · doi:10.5102/rdi.v17i2.6638
Spontaneity and Civil Resistance
Cheng, E. W. (2020) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.5117/9789463723343_ch02
Self-citation

Authors: Cheng, E. W., & Chan, W.-Y.
Affiliations: Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
Department of Government and Public Administration, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
Corresponding author: Cheng, Edmund W.
ORCID: Cheng, Edmund W.
Venue: Social Movement Studies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2016-11-10
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 222-239
ISSN: 1474-2829 (ISSN-L)
1474-2837
DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2016.1252667
OpenAlex: W2549810001
Cited by: 124
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 28.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Social movement studies (publishedVersion)
Funders: Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (UGC/FDS16/H04/14)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hong Kong and Taiwan Politics
Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Latin American socio-political dynamics
Keywords: Umbrella Movement, Occupy Central, protest mobilization, social media, horizontal organization, decentralized organizations, Hong Kong protests

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Explaining spontaneous occupation: antecedents, contingencies and spaces in the Umbrella Movement

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