Symbolic closure through memory, reparation and revenge in post-conflict societies

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the family of the farmer, the court case resolved only some of their questions.

“For the family of the farmer, the court case resolved only some of their questions.”

May combine two claims.

Symbolic representations of trauma, particularly if personalized, can concretize a traumatic event and help reattribute responsibility.

“Symbolic representations of the trauma, particularly if the symbols are personalized, can concretize a traumatic event, and help reattribute responsibility.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Survivors often unconsciously turn to institutions such as truth commissions, the criminal justice system or community/traditional justice processes as a context in which they externalize their grief and seek to come to terms with it.

“Survivors often unconsciously turn to institutions such as truth commissions, the criminal justice system or community/traditional justice processes as a context in which they externalize their grief and seek to come to terms with it.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Revenge could serve the function of closure for the individual, a possibility wholly excluded from the acceptable discourse of the South African TRC.

“Arguably, revenge could also serve the function of closure for the individual -a possibility wholly excluded and deemed outside the acceptable range of discourse of the South African TRC.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Revenge could also serve as a way of perpetuating violence and trap the individual in the liminal space.

“Equally, revenge could also serve as a way of perpetuating violence and in so doing trap the individual in the liminal space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reparations provided through truth commission processes can aid closure but can also be viewed as problematical by some victims who may be uncomfortable with accepting what they perceive as 'blood money'.

“Reparations provided through truth commission processes or after formal enquiries, for example, can aid closure but can also be viewed as problematical by some victims who may be uncomfortable with accepting what they perceive as 'blood money'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Nations do not have collective psyches that can be healed, nor do whole nations suffer posttraumatic stress disorder.

“Nations do not have collective psyches that can be healed, nor do whole nations suffer posttraumatic stress disorder and to assert otherwise is to psychologize an abstract entity that exists primarily in the minds of nation-building politicians.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Truth commissions can only provide a frame for public discourse and public memory; they can help create a new public space for debate, but beyond this they can do little.

“Instead of reconstructing the national psyche and healing the nation, Ignatieff argues that truth commissions can only provide a frame for public discourse and public memory.They can help to create a new public space in which debate and discussion on the past occurs.Beyond this they can do little”

• cites IgnatieffNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Truth commissions can create public spaces in which survivors can articulate their individual narratives, and their voices are heard often for the first time by a national audience.

“Truth commissions and other processes to establish new truths (for example, commissions of enquiry) can create public spaces in which survivors can articulate their individual narratives.Their voices are heard often for the first time by a national audience”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

'Truth', in the sense of speaking about the past and having one's version recognized, is but one of the many possible forms of closure for the individual.

“'Truth', in the sense of speaking about the past and having one's version recognized, is but one of the many possible forms of closure for the individual.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Reparations are one of the main means by which truth commissions seek to achieve national and individual reconciliation, and they result in common psychological consequences in each case.

“Reparations are one of the main means by which truth commissions and similar processes seek to achieve national and individual reconciliation, and they result in common psychological consequences in each case.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Truth commissions often operate on a highly curtailed and limited time frame, which requires a premature process of dealing with the past from survivors for whom the process of grieving often lasts a lifetime.

“Truth commissions often operate on a time frame which is highly curtailed and limited, and which requires a premature process of dealing with the past from survivors of atrocities for whom the process of grieving often lasts a lifetime.”

May combine two claims.

Claims to heal the collective unconscious of the nation mask how truth commissions lift an authoritarian regime of denial and public silence, as well as create a new regime of forgetting which represses other memories and forms of psychological closure.

“Claims to heal the collective unconscious of the nation therefore mask how truth commissions lift an authoritarian regime of denial and public silence, as well as create a new regime of forgetting which represses other memories and forms of psychological closure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Psychologizing the nation can be an ideology for subordinating diverse individual needs to the political expediency of national unity and reconciliation.

“This chapter argues that psychologizing the nation can be an ideology for subordinating diverse individual needs to the political expediency of national unity and reconciliation.”

May combine two claims.

Severe forms of trauma shatter the cognitive assumptions of personal invulnerability, viewing oneself positively, and that the world is a meaningful and comprehensible place.

“Severe forms of trauma shatter the cognitive assumptions of personal invulnerability, viewing oneself positively and that the world is a meaningful and comprehensible place.13”

• cites [13] HAMBER B.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The establishment of a truth commission in itself is not enough to meet the psychological needs of individuals; it may be a necessary first step but is generally not sufficient.

“Nevertheless, recent history from Latin America teaches us that the establishment of a truth commission in itself is not enough to meet the psychological needs of individuals -they may be necessary rst steps toward individual psychological healing but they are generally not suf cient in themselves.7”

• cites [7] FROST B., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Reparation has ambivalent psychological consequences for survivors: public acknowledgement of social truths and monetary compensation are valuable contributions, but they can never wholly meet all the psychological needs of survivors as these are disparate, inchoate and contradictory.

“Thus reparation (and all action undertaken by a truth commission) has ambivalent psychological consequences for survivors -public acknowledgement of social truths and monetary compensation are valuable contributions, but they can never wholly meet all the psychological needs of the survivors as these are disparate, inchoate and contradictory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Psychologizing the nation mistakenly implies that the pursuit of national unity is a unitary and coherent process, and that individual and national processes of dealing with the past are largely concurrent and equivalent.

“This act of 'psychologizing the nation' mistakenly implies that the pursuit of national unity is a unitary and coherent process, and that individual and national processes of dealing with the past are largely concurrent and equivalent.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

After extensive media coverage of a truth commission, the argument that atrocities did not occur can never again be made, irrevocably narrowing the range of licit truths and lies.

“After the extensive media coverage of a truth commission, the argument that atrocities did not occur can never again be made -the range of licit truths (and lies) is, in this way, irrevocably narrowed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The idea of dealing with the past through a national truth commission ascribes a collective identity to a nation and assumes that nations have psyches that experience traumas in a similar way to individuals.

“Yet the idea of dealing with the past through a national truth commission ascribes a collective identity to a nation, and assumes that nations have psyches that experience traumas in a similar way to individuals.”

May combine two claims.

Reparations acknowledge and recognize the individual's suffering and place it within a new officially sanctioned history of trauma.

“They acknowledge and recognize the individual's suffering and place it within a new of cially sanctioned history of trauma.”

May combine two claims.

Nation-building discourses of truth commissions homogenize disparate individual memories to create an official version, and in so doing repress other forms of psychological closure motivated by anger and vengeance.

“We conclude that the nation-building discourses of truth commissions homogenize disparate individual memories to create an of cial version, and in so doing they repress other forms of psychological closure motivated by less ennobled (although no less real) emotions of anger and vengeance.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Truth commissions, with their focus on speaking about and writing a revised account of the past, are at best only the beginning of a set of linked processes that may lead to symbolic closure for some individuals.

“Truth commissions, with their focus on speaking about and writing a revised account of the past, are at best only the beginning of a set of linked processes that may lead to symbolic closure for some individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Psychologically speaking, symbolic acts of reparation such as reburials, and material acts such as payments, serve the same end.

“Psychologically speaking, the so-called symbolic acts of reparation 12 such as reburials, and material acts of reparation such as payments, serve the same end.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Truth commissions aim to construct memory as a unified, static and collective object, not as a political practice or a struggle over the representation of the past.

“Truth commissions aim to construct memory as a uni ed, static and collective object, not as a political practice, or as a struggle over the representation of the past that will continue to be vigorously contested after their existence.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Labelling responsibility can appropriately redirect blame towards perpetrators and relieve the moral ambiguity and guilt survivors often feel.

“The latter stage is important because labelling responsibility can appropriately redirect blame towards perpetrators and relieve the moral ambiguity and guilt survivors often feel.”

May combine two claims.

Remembering, in itself, is not necessarily a directly redemptive and liberating practice, and is only one of many possible routes to symbolic closure for survivors.

“Thus, remembering, in itself, is not necessarily a directly redemptive and liberating practice, and is only one of many possible routes to symbolic closure for survivors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reparations can serve as focal points in the grieving process and aid recovery by allowing individuals to focus exclusively on their grief.

“Reparations, symbolic or otherwise, can serve as focal points in the grieving process, and this can aid recovery by allowing individuals to focus exclusively on their grief.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Acknowledgement, apology, recognition, material assistance, a perpetrator's confession and even exhuming the bodies of the missing can never bring back the dead or be guaranteed to converge with and ameliorate all levels of psychological pain suffered by a survivor.

“Acknowledgement, apology, recognition, material assistance, a perpetrator's confession and even exhuming the bodies/bones of the 'missing' can never bring back the dead or be guaranteed to converge with, and ameliorate, all the levels of psychological pain suffered by a survivor.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The mythology of nation building can have damaging consequences for individual survivors who are seen as 'out of step' with a putative collective conscience.

“However, the mythology of nation building can have damaging consequences for individual survivors who are seen as 'out of step' with a putative collective conscience.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Madres did not accept the sacrifice of their children or husbands for the new civilian order.

“The Madres did not accept the sacri ce of their children or husbands for the new civilian order.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

How to address a history of mass violations is not an issue that will simply be resolved by a two-year truth commission, or when reparations are granted.

“Clearly, how to address a history of mass violations is not an issue that will simply be resolved by a two-year truth commission, or when reparations are granted.”

May combine two claims.

Reparations place survivors in double-bind situations: they can constitute closure and final acceptance of loss, but they can also create difficulties for survivors.

“Reparations place survivors in double-bind situations.Reparations can constitute closure and the nal acceptance of loss, but they also can create dif culties for survivors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

National politicians cannot be expected to abandon demands for justice as a form of redress necessary for ending liminality in some cases.

“In particular, they cannot be expected to abandon demands for justice as a form of redress necessary for ending liminality in some cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Individuals also often vow that nothing will ever replace what has been lost.

“Individuals also often vow that nothing will ever replace what has been lost.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In many cases in Latin America, security forces would seize and destroy all identification papers of their victim and then deny that they had ever existed.

“In many cases in Latin America, the security forces, in a Kafkaesque twist, would seize and destroy all identi cation papers of their victim and then deny that they had ever existed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When reparations are granted before the survivor is psychologically ready, any form of reparation can be expected to leave the survivor feeling dissatisfied.

“When reparations are granted before the survivor is psychologically ready, any form of reparation can be expected to leave the survivor feeling dissatis ed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Financial reparations are often mistakenly viewed, and spoken about by policy-makers and victims alike, as a form of concrete assistance that is different and more substantial than symbolic acts such as the erection of tombstones or the naming of streets after the dead.

“Financial reparations are often mistakenly viewed, and spoken about -by policy-makers and victims alike -as a form of concrete assistance that is different (and certainly more substantial) than symbolic acts such as the erection of tombstones or the naming of streets after the dead.”

May combine two claims.

The government and even some previously sympathetic members of society now refer to the Brazilian group as 'dinosaurs'.

“The government and even some previously sympathetic members of society now refer to the group as 'dinosaurs'.52”

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This refusal also links to feelings of betrayal.

“This refusal also links to feelings of betrayal.”

May combine two claims.

Without a corpse or a conviction it was often not possible to get compensation legally, but through the TRC it was much easier to obtain a finding and reparations.

“Without a corpse or a conviction it was often not possible to get compensation legally, but through the TRC it was much easier to obtain a nding (recognition of loss or suffering) and to obtain reparations (symbolic compensation for the loss).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The spirit of the dead person and the spirit of material reparations become exchanged in the transaction between the state and the survivor.

“The spirit of the dead person and the spirit of the material reparations become exchanged in the transaction between the state and the survivor.”

May combine two claims.

By the time reparations are granted (still outstanding at the time of writing), most survivors will not have completed their trauma work and be willing to adhere to nationally defined prerogatives of remembering and forgetting.

“However, by the time reparations are granted (still outstanding at the time of writing), most survivors will not have completed their trauma work and be willing to adhere to nationally de ned prerogatives of remembering and forgetting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The material symbol (usually the body) necessary for moving out of the liminal space is seldom recovered after large-scale political violence.

“Unfortunately, however, the reality is that the material symbol (usually the body) that is necessary for moving out of the liminal space is seldom recovered after large-scale political violence.”

May combine two claims.

Some of the Madres of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina are opposed to monetary reparations, since to accept reparation is to acknowledge death.

“Some of the Madres of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina are opposed to monetary reparations, since to accept reparation is to acknowledge death.48”

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ignatieff recognizes that revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honour their memory by taking up their cause where they left off.

“Ignatieff recognizes that revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honour their memory by taking up their cause where they left off.”

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These families appear to still live in hope (or denial) that their children will return and have therefore refused to attend the inauguration of the streets named after their loved ones.

“These families appear to still live in hope (or denial) that their children will return and have therefore refused to attend the inauguration of the streets named after their loved ones.49”

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the forgoing of formal justice in South Africa may have been necessary to ensure peace, this national process can run counter to the individual psychological healing process and asks another sacrifice from the victims.

“Although the forgoing of formal justice in South Africa may have been necessary to ensure peace, this national process can run counter to the individual psychological healing process and asks another sacri ce from the victims.”

• cites [61]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When survivors or families of victims disparagingly talk of reparations as a form of blood money, this is because the national process of 'reconciliation' does not coincide with the individual psychological process.

“When survivors or families of victims disparagingly talk of reparations as a form of blood money (as some do in Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Northern Ireland), this is because the national process of 'reconciliation' does not coincide with the individual psychological process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The state's obligation to pay reparations results from the duty to repay victims for their sacrifice to liberation and the construction of the new political order.

“The state's obligation to pay reparations results from the duty to repay victims for their sacri ce (in terms of suffering and loss) to the liberation and the construction of the new political order.”

May combine two claims.

Both the survivor and the dead inhabit a symbolically liminal social space; both are part of society but removed from society.

“Both the survivor and the dead inhabit a symbolically liminal social space.Both are part of society but removed from society.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For survivors, the state's desire to build a new post-conflict society often means sloughing off the past too easily, and asking survivors to engage in a premature closure before all the psychological processes around truth and recompense are fully internalized.

“For survivors, the state's desire to build a new post-con ict society often means sloughing off the past too easily, and asking survivors to engage in a premature closure before all the psychological processes around truth and recompense are fully internalized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This vow is made not for sadistic pleasure but rather as a way of respecting the person who has died, to make their death and memory meaningful.

“This vow is made not for to sadistic pleasure but rather as a way of respecting the person who has died, to make their death and memory meaningful.”

May combine two claims.

Disappearances and the lack of bodies to be buried create an ontological uncertainty among survivors and a psychological experience of the uncanny.

“Suarez-Orozco has written about such issues with respect to Argentina, and he documents how disappearances and the lack of bodies to be buried creates an ontological uncertainty among survivors and a psychological experience of what Freud termed the uncanny.16”

• cites Suarez-OrozcoNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [16] IGNATIEFF M., Special CorrespondentNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Victims gave the gifts of their own spirits to 'the community', and the obligation of the new state is to return the gift in the form of reparations to their families.

“Victims gave the gifts of their own spirits to 'the community' and the obligation of the new state is to return the gift in the form of reparations to their families.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Experiences of the uncanny can be exacerbated by the responses of government officials.

“Experiences of the uncanny can be exacerbated by the responses of government of cials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

At the time of significant loss most people enter into a number of invisible pacts with themselves, sometimes a vow to avenge the death of a loved one, either through formal punishment or personal vengeance.

“At the time of signi cant loss most people enter into a number of invisible pacts with themselves.Sometimes this can be a vow to avenge the death of a loved one, either through formal punishment or personal vengeance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Madres and the Brazilian group are seen as imprisoned in the past, as hostages to their own memory and therefore obstructions to the process of selective forgetting advocated by reconciling national political leaders.

“They, and the Madres, are seen as imprisoned in the past, as hostages to their own memory and therefore obstructions to the process of selective forgetting advocated by reconciling national political leaders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Part of the refusal relates to the way in which governments often seek closure on the past more readily than individuals.

“Yet part of the refusal also relates to the way in which governments often seek closure on the past more readily than individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Although reparations may well be necessary (and a good starting point) on an individual level, they will never be sufficient.

“However, although reparations may well be necessary (and a good starting point) on an individual level, they will never be suf cient.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Resolution depends on how individuals personally engage in 'trauma work' at their own idiosyncratic pace.

“Resolution depends on how individuals personally engage in 'trauma work' at their own idiosyncratic pace.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Reparations and the truth about what happened must be linked, because without this link any form of reparation runs the danger of being seen by the survivors as a governmental strategy to close the chapter on the past prematurely and leave the secrets of the past hidden.

“Reparations and the truth about what happened must be linked, because without this link any form of reparation runs the danger of being seen by the survivors as a governmental strategy to close the chapter on the past prematurely and leave the secrets of the past hidden.”

May combine two claims.

The rise and fall of social movements such as the Madres indicates that drawing closure around past violations is an inherently contradictory process that can be expected to take decades.

“The rise and fall of social movements such as the Madres indicates that drawing closure around past violations is an inherently contradictory process that can be expected to take decades.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For Ignatieff, revenge keeps faith between generations and the violence that follows is a ritual form of respect for the community's dead.

“To this end, revenge keeps faith between generations and the violence that follows is a ritual form of respect for the community's dead.”

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A truth recovery process remains the only, albeit limited, hope for having some questions answered.

“This stresses again that a truth recovery process (for example, the South Africa TRC, a formal inquiry, and so on) remains the only, albeit limited, hope for having some questions answered.39”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

All reparations (including monetary compensation) are like tombstones - a way of materializing the dead, a way of shifting from the 'liminal unknown to the liminal known'.

“All reparations (including monetary compensation) are like tombstones -a way of materializing the dead, a way of shifting from the 'liminal unknown to the liminal known'.44”

• cites [44]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Reparations and symbolic acts are useful markers in the first stages of recognizing and dealing with formerly silenced memory.

“Reparations and symbolic acts are useful markers in the rst stages of recognizing and dealing with formerly silenced memory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Mauss's discussion of the hau, or the 'spirit of the gift', is relevant to state reparations, where the hau of reparations is compensation for the spirit of the deceased.

“Mauss's discussion of the hau, or the 'spirit of the gift' is relevant here, where the hau of reparations is compensation for the spirit of the deceased.”

May combine two claims.

The TRC in South Africa, at least to some degree, became a mode of psychological repair, where denial could be superseded and both the work of mourning and narrative fetishism could take place.

“The TRC in South Africa, at least to some degree, became a mode of psychological repair, where denial could be superseded and both the work of mourning (transition out of uncertainty and liminality) and narrative fetishism (teleologizing and attaching transcendental meaning to loss) could take place.”

May combine two claims.

As a result of trauma and a state-sponsored regime of denial, basic questions are raised and remain unanswered, such as how and why the event happened and what is going to happen next.

“As a result of trauma and a state-sponsored regime of denial, basic questions are raised and remain unanswered, such as how and why the event happened and what is going to happen next.15”

• cites [15] IGNATIEFF M., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

National politicians cannot expect individuals to accept their agenda and time schedule for dealing with the past.

“National politicians cannot expect individuals to accept their agenda and time schedule for dealing with the past.”

May combine two claims.

The rituals that take place around the bodily remains aid closure and, without the body, closure seems all the more improbable.

“The rituals that take place around the bodily remains aid closure and, without the body, closure seems all the more improbable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Seldom will the sums of money granted ever equal the actual amount of money lost over the years when a breadwinner is killed, and it is questionable whether the low levels of material reparations offered will dramatically change the life of the recipients.

“However, the reality is that seldom will the sums of money granted ever equal the actual amount of money lost over the years when a breadwinner is killed, and it is questionable whether the low levels of material reparations offered will dramatically change the life of the recipients.”

May combine two claims.

Speaking at public hearings like those of the South African TRC can break an enforced silence and represent a point of closure and transition in the grieving process, through interacting with the national symbolic process of the TRC.

“Speaking at public hearings like those of the South African TRC can break an enforced silence and represent a point of closure and transition in the grieving process, through interacting with the national symbolic process of the TRC.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Madres refused to be embodied symbols of the contrast between the old repressive regime and the new benevolent political order, which is read as a vehement rejection of the post-authoritarian regime.

“They refused to be embodied symbols of the contrast between the old repressive regime and the new benevolent political order.This is read as a vehement rejection of the post-authoritarian regime.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Facts need a narrative framework in order to be rendered meaningful and take their place in a shared account of the past.

“Facts need a narrative framework in order to be rendered meaningful and take their place in a shared account of the past.”

• cites [68]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Practically the whole of the rest of Western philosophy and jurisprudence has followed Kant and Hegel in denouncing revenge and distinguishing rational law and justice from revenge.

“Practically the whole of the rest of Western philosophy and jurisprudence has followed Kant and Hegel in denouncing revenge and distinguishing rational law and justice from revenge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is how the individual processes the symbolic meaning of the ritual, the reparation or a national process such as a truth commission that is critical.

“It is how the individual processes the symbolic meaning of the ritual, the reparation or a national process such as a truth commission that is critical.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

National processes such as truth commissions can provide a useful framework in which new rituals or spaces can be provided for the enactment of closure.

“National processes such as truth commissions (although by no means the only process) can provide a useful framework in which new rituals or spaces can be provided for the enactment of closure.”

May combine two claims.

In the South African context, reparations were very low on the list of priorities of national politicians, and a compensation scheme for the majority of victims had not been established at the time of writing, over a year after the TRC's report was published.

“This did not occur in the South African context, where reparations were very low on the list of priorities of national politicians, and a compensation scheme for the majority of victims had not been established at the time of writing, over a year after the TRC's report was published.”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Coming to terms with the past can only be eased by recognizing as legitimate the multiple and contradictory agendas that exist among a heterogeneous community of survivors.

“Coming to terms with the past can only be eased by recognizing as legitimate the multiple and contradictory agendas that exist among a heterogeneous community of survivors.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Rituals of respect (such as retribution through the courts) and remembering can be broken by reparations, just as they can in some cases serve as a symbol of mending.

“In essence, rituals of respect (such as retribution through the courts) and remembering can be broken by reparations, just as they can in some cases serve as a symbol of mending.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The analysis of trauma work in post-conflict situations involves the charting of the dynamic between national appropriations of memory and individual resistance and acquiescence.

“In this context, the analysis of trauma work in post-con ict situations involves the charting of the dynamic between national appropriations of memory and individual resistance and acquiescence.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Fromm links vengeance directly to reparation; vengeance is said to be a magical reparation.

“Fromm links vengeance directly to reparation; vengeance is said to be a magical reparation.”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The value of truth commissions is much more limited and constrained, and lies in creating a public space in which publicly telling subjective truths, which are but one form of closure among many, may occur.

“Their value is much more limited and constrained, and lies in creating a public space in which publicly telling subjective truths, which are but one form of closure among many, may occur.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Truth commissions do not heal the nation, restore the collective psyche or categorically deal with the past.

“Truth commissions do not heal the nation, restore the collective psyche or categorically deal with the past.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The process of breaking a regime of denial, addressing and recognizing repressed memories, compensating for loss, and ultimately arriving at some type of closure and reintegration of liminal subjects, works at different levels, i.e. individuals, truth commissions and criminal prosecutions.

“The process of breaking a regime of denial, addressing and recognizing repressed memories, compensating for loss, and ultimately arriving at some type of closure and reintegration of liminal subjects, works at different levels, i.e. individuals, truth commissions and criminal prosecutions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Strategies such as truth commissions are performances of memory that create a framework of explanation.

“Strategies such as truth commissions, Fiona Ross argues, are performances of memory that create a framework of explanation.68”

• cites [68]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Calls for punishment of perpetrators (even when this is not pragmatically possible), or the impossible demands of survivors like those of the Madres, need to be understood as rituals of closure in themselves.

“In addition, the calls for punishment of perpetrators (even when this is not pragmatically possible), or the impossible demands of survivors like those of the Madres, need to be understood as rituals of closure in themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

If the desire for vengeance grips the survivor, then accepting paltry reparations can also be experienced by the survivor as a disrespectful act that betrays the loss they have endured or the memory of those killed.

“Furthermore, if the desire for vengeance grips the survivor, then accepting paltry reparations can also be experienced by the survivor as a disrespectful act that betrays the loss they have endured or the memory of those killed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Truth commissions may also cause further psychological trauma when individuals (such as widows) are treated as the social embodiment of the nation, and are expected to advance at the same pace as the state institutions which are created in their name, but which are primarily pursuing a national political agenda.

“They may also cause further psychological trauma when individuals (such as widows) are treated as the social embodiment of the nation, and are expected to advance at the same pace as the state institutions which are created in their name, but which are primarily pursuing a national political agenda.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These calls can re-establish the discontinuities in time for the survivor; that is, they survived, their loved ones did not and will not ever appear again.

“These calls can re-establish the discontinuities in time for the survivor; that is, they survived, their loved ones did not and will not ever appear again.”

May combine two claims.

In January 2000, the Mbeki government stated its intention to offer only token compensation of a few hundred pounds (Rands 2000), instead of the £15 000 which the TRC recommended should be given to 22 000 victims of apartheid.

“In January 2000, the Mbeki government stated its intention to offer only token compensation of a few hundred pounds (Rands 2000), instead of the £15 000 which the TRC recommended should be given to 22 000 victims of apartheid.”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Recognizing the diversity of responses to suffering (including anger and vengeance) ensures that the demanding and inherently ambivalent psychological processes of grieving the dead are not wholly appropriated by post-conflict societies using narrow Christian and human rights discourses of reconciliation and nation-building.

“Recognizing the diversity of responses to suffering (including anger and vengeance) ensures that the demanding and inherently ambivalent psychological processes of grieving the dead are not wholly appropriated by post-con ict societies using narrow Christian and human rights discourses of reconciliation and nation-building.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In post-conflict societies, angry calls for justice and revenge persist until the process of trauma work and reintegration is resolved.

“In post-con ict societies, angry calls for justice and revenge persist until the process of trauma work and reintegration is resolved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The idea of the collective as an extrapolation of the individual is a myth of nation-building.

“We have rejected the idea of the collective as an extrapolation of the individual as a myth of nation-building.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There are different motivations at these different levels, and they proceed at different paces.

“There are different motivations at these different levels, and they proceed at different paces.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Erich Fromm feels that vengeance is in some senses a magic act and, like punishment for a crime, it can serve the function of magically expunging the perpetrators' act.

“Erich Fromm feels that vengeance (revenge) is in some senses a magic act and, like punishment for a crime, it can serve the function of magically expunging the perpetrators' act.66”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Where there is no accessible literature of destruction, performance (rituals) are means to bridge the 'fundamental discontinuities of life'.

“Where there is no accessible literature of destruction, performance (rituals) are means to bridge what he calls the 'fundamental discontinuities of life'.”

• cites [68]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

At a national level, this means recognizing publicly that the past is a site of struggle, not a fixed object to which all members of the nation must identify.

“At a national level, this means recognizing publicly that the past is a site of struggle, not a xed object to which all members of the nation must identify.”

May combine two claims.

The rituals which national polities put into place both hinder and promote individual psychological processes of recovery.

“The rituals which national polities put into place both hinder and promote individual psychological processes of recovery.”