Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by vetiver grass
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phytoremediation of lead (Pb)-contaminated soil by vetiver grass. Experiment was a factorial arranged in a completely randomized design. Factors included four Pb levels (50, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg(-1)) as Pb (NO3)2, AM fungi at three levels (non mycorrhizal (NM) control, Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus versiforme). Shoot and root dry weights (SDW and RDW) decreased as Pb levels increased. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased SDW and RDW compared to NM control. With mycorrhizal inoculation and increasing Pb levels, Pb uptake of shoot and root increased compared to those of NM control. Root colonization increased with mycorrhizal inoculation but decreased as Pb levels increased. Phosphorus concentration and uptake in shoot of plants inoculated with AM fungi was significantly higher than NM control at 200 and 800 mg Pb kg(-1). The Fe concentration, Fe and Mn uptake of shoot in plants inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices in all levels of Pb were significantly higher than NM control. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased Pb extraction, uptake and translocation efficiencies. Lead translocation factor decreased as Pb levels increased; however inoculation with AM fungi increased Pb translocation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Due to its sorption with soil, lead is not readily accessible in biological systems and has limited solubility at normal pH, making it unavailable for plant absorption even by hyperaccumulators.
“Due to its sorption with soil, lead is not readily accessible in biological systems and has a limited solubility at normal pH, making it unavailable for plant absorption even by hyperaccumulators (Chen et al., 2004; Bahraminia et al., 2016).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Bahraminia et al., 2016
Cites
Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants
(1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-473542-2.x5000-7 · Cited by 19,892 · see citing works
Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties.
Page, A. (1982) · Agronomy monograph/Agronomy · doi:10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed · Cited by 18,289 · see citing works
Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties.
Page, A. L. (1982) · Cited by 12,971 · see citing works
Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper
Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x · Cited by 10,038 · see citing works
Salt, D. E., Smith, R. D., & Raskin, I. (1998) · Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.643 · Cited by 2,188 · see citing works
Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site
Yoon, J., Cao, X., Zhou, Q., & Ma, L. Q. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.016 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
Sharma, P., & Dubey, R. S. (2005) · Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1590/s1677-04202005000100004 · Cited by 1,695 · see citing works
Trace Elements in Soils and Plants
Thornton, I., & Webb, J. S. (1980) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-7336-0_12 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Trace elements in soils and plants. 2nd ed.
Pendias, A. K., & Pendias, H. (1992) · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Quantification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plant roots.
Kormanik, P. P., & McGraw, A.-C. (1982) · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Pfleger, F. L., & Linderman, R. G. (1994) · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Shen, Z., & Li, X. (2004) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.02.003 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Soil and Plant Testing As a Basis of Fertilizer Recommendations
Cottenie, A. (1980) · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Vogel‐Mikuš, K., Pongrac, P., Kump, P., Nečemer, M., & Regvar, M. (2005) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.005 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Punamiya, P., Datta, R., Sarkar, D., Barber, S., Patel, M., & Das, P. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.056 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Growth and metal accumulation in vetiver and two Sesbania species on lead/zinc mine tailings
Yang, B., Shu, W. S., Ye, Z. H., Lan, C. Y., & Wong, M. H. (2003) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00499-5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Ground Water Issue: Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites
Pivetz, B. E. (2001) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Audet, P., & Charest, C. (2006) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.006 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research
TATE, R. L. (1982) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-198212000-00016 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Mycorrhizae Increase Arsenic Uptake by the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake Fern ( Pteris vittata L.)
Agely, A. A., Sylvia, D. M., & Ma, L. Q. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2004.0411 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Zarei, M., König, S., Hempel, S., Nekouei, M. K., Savaghebi, G. R., & Buscot, F. (2008) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationRotkittikhun, P., Chaiyarat, R., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P., & Baker, A. J. M. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.038 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The use of vetiver for remediation of heavy metal soil contamination
Antiochia, R., Campanella, L., Ghezzi, P., & Movassaghi, K. (2007) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1268-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Wang, F., Lin, X. G., & Yin, R. (2007) · Pedobiologia · doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.02.003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance in contaminated soils around a zinc and lead deposit
Zarei, M., Saleh-Rastin, N., Jouzani, G. S., Savaghebi, G., & Buscot, F. (2008) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.06.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationRamanjaneyulu, A. V., & Giri, G. (2006) · Agricultural Reviews · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Role of Mycorrhizae Associated with Vetiver Grown in Pb‐/Zn‐Contaminated Soils: Greenhouse Study
Wong, C. C., Wu, S. C., Kuek, C., Khan, A. G., & Wong, M. H. (2007) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00190.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ravnskov, S., & Jakobsen, I. (1999) · Mycorrhiza · doi:10.1007/s005720050254 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Turnau, K., Jurkiewicz, A. M., Lingua, G., Barea, J. M., & Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (2005) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420032048.ch13 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mycorrhizo-Remediation of Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings Using Vetiver: A Field Study
Wu, S. C., Wong, C. C., Shu, W., Khan, A. G., & Wong, M. H. (2010) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226511003671353 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pb-phytoextraction by maize in a Pb-EDTA treated Oxisol
Pereira, B. F. F., de Abreu, C. A., Romeiro, S., Lagôa, A. M. M. A., & González, A. P. (2007) · Scientia Agricola · doi:10.1590/s0103-90162007000100008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Koide, R. T. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1081/e-epcs-120010509 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Phytoremediation: A Green Technology
Jan, S., & Parray, J. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1693-6_5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Roongtanakiat, N., Osotsapar, Y., & Yindiram, C. (2009) · Agriculture and Natural Resources · Cited by 17 · see citing works
(2014) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/4.10.80-88 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sharma, J. K., Kumar, N., Singh, N. S. S., & Santal, A. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1076876 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Pasricha, S., Mathur, V., Garg, A., Lenka, S., Verma, K., & Agarwal, S. (2021) · Environmental Challenges · doi:10.1016/j.envc.2021.100197 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Shi, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Polle, A., Rennenberg, H., & Luo, Z. (2018) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.13471 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Navina, B., Velmurugan, N. K., Kumar, P. S., Rangasamy, G., Palanivelu, J., Thamarai, P., Vickram, A. S., Saravanan, A., & Shakoor, A. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141123 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Adeyemi, N. O., Atayese, M. O., Sakariyawo, O. S., Azeez, J. O., Soremi, P. A. S., Olubode, A. A., Ridwan, M., Adebayo, R., & Adeoye, S. (2021) · Rhizosphere · doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100325 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Phytomanagement of Metal(loid)-Contaminated Soils: Options, Efficiency and Value
Moreira, H., Pereira, S. I. A., Mench, M. J., Garbisu, C., Kidd, P., & Castro, P. M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.661423 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Bhat, B. A., Rather, M. A., Bilal, T., Nazir, R., Qadir, R. U., & Mir, R. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1631378 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Due to its sorption with soil, lead is not readily accessible in biological systems and has a limited solubility at normal pH, making it unavailable for plant absorption even by hyperaccumulators (Chen et al., 2004; Bahraminia et al., 2016).”
Vetiver grass-microbe interactions for soil remediation
Chen, X. W., Wong, J. T. F., Wang, J., & Wong, M. H. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2020.1738193 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Phenrat, T., Teeratitayangkul, P., Prasertsung, I., Parichatprecha, R., Jitsangiam, P., Chomchalow, N., & Wichai, S. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7707-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Phytoremediation for E-waste contaminated sites
Gunarathne, V., Gunatilake, S. R., Wanasinghe, S. T., Atugoda, T., Wijekoon, P., Biswas, J. K., & Vithanage, M. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817030-4.00005-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kafil, M., Nasab, S. B., Moazed, H., & Bhatnagar, A. (2019) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2018.1474443 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ullah, S., Mahmood, T., Iqbal, Z., Naeem, A., Ali, R., & Mahmood, S. (2019) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2019.1594683 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Banerjee, S., Mandal, J., Sarkar, D., Datta, R., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1532169 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ullah, S., Ali, R., Mahmood, S., Riaz, M. A., & Akhtar, K. (2020) · Soil and Sediment Contamination An International Journal · doi:10.1080/15320383.2020.1777935 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Microbial‐Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead Contaminated Calcareous Soil by Centaurea cyanus L
Karimi, A., Khodaverdiloo, H., & Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M. (2018) · CLEAN - Soil Air Water · doi:10.1002/clen.201700665 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Silva‐Castro, G. A., Cano, C., Moreno‐Morillas, S., Bago, A., & García-Romera, I. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9010056 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Karimi, A., Khodaverdiloo, H., & Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M. (2017) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2017.1391798 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sun, H. Y., Xie, Y., Zheng, Y., Lin, Y., & Yang, F. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4425 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Metanat, K., Ghasemi‐Fasaei, R., Ronaghi, A., & Yasrebi, J. (2019) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2019.1648493 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationArbuscular mycorrhiza confers lead tolerance and uptake inMiscanthus sacchariflorus
Sarkar, A., Asaeda, T., Wang, Q., Kaneko, Y., & Rashid, M. H. (2018) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2018.1437150 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash – more than a promising crop in phytoremediation
Pandey, V. C., & Praveen, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817732-7.00002-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shirdel, M., Eshghi, S., Shahsavandi, F., & Fallahi, E. (2025) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109629 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jarrah, M., Ghasemi‐Fasaei, R., Ronaghi, A., Zarei, M., & Mayel, S. (2019) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2019.1644325 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential of arbuscular mycorrhizae and tall fescue in remediation of soils polluted with zinc
Zarei, M., Abadi, V. A. J. M., & da Silva, J. A. T. (2020) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2019.1705285 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBecerra, A., Menoyo, E., Faggioli, V., Cabello, M., & Salazar, M. J. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-023-01147-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stabilization of Iron Ore Mine Spoil Dump Sites With Vetiver System
Banerjee, R., Goswami, P., & Mukherjee, A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812986-9.00022-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Asilian, E., Ghasemi‐Fasaei, R., Ronaghi, A., Sepehri, M., & Niazi, A. (2018) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2018.1520844 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSahraoui, A. L., Calonne-Salmon, M., Labidi, S., Meglouli, H., & Fontaine, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822893-7.00008-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Al‐Maliki, S., & Al-Shamary, A. (2022) · Acta Ecologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2022.05.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Growth and lead uptake by Parkinsonia aculeata L. inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices
Villalobos, M. A. G., Martínez‐Trinidad, T., Alarcón, A., & Plascencia-Escalante, F. O. (2020) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2020.1812506 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fang, L., Zeng, Z., Jia, Q., Lin, Y., Chen, H., He, Y., & Chen, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1321885 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Holanda, F. S. R., Dias, K. L. L., Santos, L. D. V., Brito, C. R. D. M., MELO, J. C. R. D., & Santos, L. S. (2021) · Revista Caatinga · doi:10.1590/1983-21252021v34n103rc · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liao, J., Li, N., Yang, Y., Yang, J., Tian, Y., Luo, Z., & Jiang, M. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10080450 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hassan, A., Azid, A., Hamid, F. S., Pariatamby, A., & Ossai, I. C. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-025-06423-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Biodiversity, Interaction with Plants, and Potential Applications
Singh, U. R., Akhtar, O., Mishra, R., Zoomi, I., Kehri, H. K., & Pandey, D. (2021) · Fungal biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Suganya, K., Bhavani, P., Anandham, R., Ramalakshmi, A., Sebastian, S. P., & Parameswari, E. (2024) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-024-13414-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mycoremediation: A Sustainable Tool for Abating Environmental Pollution
Raina, S. A., Yahmed, N. B., Bhat, R. A., & Dervash, M. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Heavy metal accumulation in vegetable crops: a threat to sustainable agroecosystem
Mahanta, S., Kundu, R., Sen, P., Mubarak, K. P. M., Shaw, S., Hossain, A., Dhar, A., Sarkar, S., Santra, S. C., & Moulick, D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23961-8.00018-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Al‐Maliki, S., & Al-Shamary, A. (2022) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-022-10968-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Application of Local Species for Sustainable Phytoremediation
Ariyakanon, N. (2023) · Environment and Natural Resources Journal · doi:10.32526/ennrj/21/20230125 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kumar, P., & Singh, V. P. (2022) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4731-5_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biological methods for the treatment of e-waste
Punia, A., Chauhan, N. S., & Singh, R. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90463-6.00032-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maharani, P., Suryanti, S., Joko, T., & Somowiyarjo, S. (2024) · Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia · doi:10.18343/jipi.29.2.287 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hasanpour, R., Zaefarian, F., Rezvani, M., Seh‐Bardan, B. J., & SINDEL, B. M. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08581-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aromatic grasses in phytoremediation
Pandey, V. C., Ancona, V., Roy, M., & Randjelovic, D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19082-7.00005-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Application of AM Fungi in Phytoremediation of Heavy-Metal Contaminated Soil
Zhang, X., Chen, B., Xing, S., & Chen, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0300-5_12
- Authors
- Bahraminia, M., Zarei, M., Ronaghi, A., & Ghasemi-Fasaei, R.
- Affiliations
- Shiraz University (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Zarei, Mehdi
- Venue
- International Journal of Phytoremediation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 730-737
- ISSN
- 1522-6514 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7879
- OpenAlex
- W2280680096
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Phytoremediation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phytoremediation, lead contamination, soil remediation, Vetiveria zizanioides, Glomus intraradices, Glomus versiforme, lead uptake, lead translocation, root colonization, phosphorus uptake, heavy metal toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Lead, Random Allocation, Soil Pollutants, Species Specificity, Plant Roots, Plant Shoots, Mycorrhizae, Chrysopogon, Glomeromycota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
