The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meaning by Courtesy: LLM-Generated Texts and the Illusion of Content
Open accessAbstract
Contrary to how it may seem when we observe its output, an [LLM] is a system for haphazardly stitching together sequences of linguistic forms it has observed in its vast training data, according to...
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The capabilities of LLMs have made it increasingly difficult for educators to distinguish between human-written content and AI-generated/ assisted texts (Ostertag, 2023).”
From “Scarlet Cloak and the Forest Adventure”: a preliminary study of the impact of AI on commonly used writing tools (2025) · cites this paper as Ostertag, 2023
Citations
Cites
Rudin, C. (2019) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x · Cited by 10,561
Fodor, J. A. (1983) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001 · Cited by 7,734
On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜
Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445922 · Cited by 6,988 · cited 2×
“While we can grant that the sample texts appear coherent and may seem to present “ new ideas, ” any appearance of coherence or novelty is solely “ in the eye of the beholder ” (Bender et al. 2021).”
Explainability for artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multidisciplinary perspective
the Precise4Q consortium, Amann, J., Blasimme, A., Vayena, E., Frey, D., & Madai, V. I. (2020) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01332-6 · Cited by 2,203
Information Structure: Towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics
Roberts, C. (2012) · Semantics and Pragmatics · doi:10.3765/sp.5.6 · Cited by 947
Knowledge: A Very Short Introduction
Nagel, J. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199661268.001.0001 · Cited by 176
AUTOGEN: A Personalized Large Language Model for Academic Enhancement—Ethics and Proof of Principle
Mann, S. P., Earp, B. D., Møller, N., Suren, V., & Savulescu, J. (2023) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2023.2233356 · Cited by 111
Cappelen, H., & Dever, J. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192894724.001.0001 · Cited by 102
Baker, L. R. (1987) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2027158 · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Grice, P. 1989. Logic and conversation. In Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identifying healthcare needs with patient experience reviews using ChatGPT
Li, J., Yang, Y., Chen, R., Zheng, D., Pang, P. C., Lam, C. K., Wong, D., & Wang, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313442 · Cited by 17
Bordalejo, B., Pafumi, D., Onuh, F., Khalid, A. K. M. I., Pearce, M. S., & O’Donnell, D. P. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00505-5 · Cited by 13
“Gary Ostertag (2023) contested Porsdam Mann and colleagues’ argument (2023) that personalized LLMs can create high-quality academic writing.”
InfluentialLederman, H., & Mahowald, K. (2024) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00690 · Cited by 22
AUTOGEN and the Ethics of Co-Creation with Personalized LLMs—Reply to the Commentaries
Mann, S. P., Earp, B. D., Møller, N., Suren, V., & Savulescu, J. (2024) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2024.2308175 · Cited by 8
Lei, P., Liang, R., Zhao, A., Sun, R., Yi, F., Zhong, J., Li, R., Zhu, S., Zhang, S., & Wu, S. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001775 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Ostertag, G.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ostertag, Gary
- ORCID
- Ostertag, Gary
- Venue
- The American Journal of Bioethics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-10-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 91-93
- ISSN
- 1526-5161 (ISSN-L)
- 1536-0075
- OpenAlex
- W4387440299
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doaj.org
- Licence
- cc-by-sa
- Locations
- The American Journal of Bioethics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Cybernetics and Technology in Society
- Keywords
- large language models, LLM-generated text, meaning, training data, linguistic form, AI ethics
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Illusions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
