Cited by 206Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychosocial Factors Impacting YouthAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: the role of adolescent emotion regulation

Open access
Cui, Lixian, Morris, Amanda Sheffield, Criss, Michael M., Houltberg, Benjamin J., Silk, Jennifer S.·2014·Parenting

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated associations between parental psychological control and aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms among adolescents from predominantly disadvantaged backgrounds. The indirect effects of psychological control on adolescent adjustment through adolescent emotion regulation (anger and sadness regulation) were examined as well as the moderating effects of adolescent emotion regulation. DESIGN: 206 adolescents (ages 10-18) reported on parental psychological control and their own depressive symptoms, and parents and adolescents reported on adolescent emotion regulation and aggressive behavior. Indirect effect models were tested using structural equation modeling; moderating effects were tested using hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: The associations between parental psychological control and adolescent aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms were indirect through adolescents' anger regulation. Moderation analyses indicated that the association between parental psychological control and adolescent depressive symptoms was stronger among adolescents with poor sadness regulation and the association between psychological control and aggressive behavior was stronger among older adolescents with poor anger regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological control is negatively associated with adolescent adjustment, particularly among adolescents who have difficulty regulating emotions. Emotion regulation is one mechanism through which psychological control is linked to adolescent adjustment, particularly anger dysregulation, and this pattern holds for both younger and older adolescents and for both boys and girls.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/15295192.2014.880018

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 52

  1. Barber BK Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct Child Development 1996 67 3296 3319 9071782
  2. Barber BK Maughan SL Olsen JA Patterns of parenting across adolescence New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2005 2005 5 16 16121893
  3. Barber BK Olsen JE Shagle SC Associations between parental psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors Child Development 1994 65 1120 1136 7956469
  4. Barber BK Stolz HE Olsen JA Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development 2005 4 26 57 16359423
  5. Barber BK Xia M Olsen JA McNeely CA Bose K Feeling disrespected by parents: Refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control Journal of Adolescence 2012 35 273 287 22177194
  6. Bean RA Bush KR McKenry PC Wilson SM The impact of parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control on the academic achievement and self-esteem of African American and European American adolescents Journal of Adolescent Research 2003 18 523 541
  7. Bean RA Northrup JC Parental psychological control, psychological autonomy, and acceptance as predictors of self-esteem in Latino adolescents Journal of Family Issues 2009 30 1486 1504
  8. Bornstein MH Jager J Putnick DL Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards Developmental Review 2013 33 357 370 PMC4286359 25580049
  9. Buckner JC Mezzacappa E Beardslee WR Characteristics of resilient youths living in poverty: The role of self-regulatory processes Development and Psychopathology 2003 15 139 162 12848439
  10. Chao RK Aque C Interpretations of parental control by Asian immigrant and European American youth Journal of Family Psychology 2009 23 342 354 19586197
  11. Conger KJ Conger RD Scaramella LV Parents, siblings, psychological control, and adolescent adjustment Journal of Adolescent Research 1997 12 113 138
  12. Eisenberg N Cumberland A Spinrad TL Fabes RA Shepard SA Reiser M Guthrie IK The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior Child Development 2001 72 1112 1134 11480937
  13. Eisenberg N Gershoff ET Fabes RA Shepard SA Cumberland AJ Losoya SH Murphy BC Mother’s emotional expressivity and children’s behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children's regulation Developmental Psychology 2001 37 475 490 11444484
  14. Eisenberg N Morris AS Kail RV Children’s emotion-related regulation Advances in child development and behavior 2003 Vol. 30 San Diego, CA Academic 189 229 12402675
  15. El-Sheikh M Hinnant JB Kelly RJ Erath S Maternal psychological control and child internalizing symptoms: Vulnerability and protective factors across bioregulatory and ecological domains Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2010 51 188 198 19703095
  16. Farrell AD Kung EM White KS Valois RF The structure of self-reported aggression, drug use, and delinquent behaviors during early adolescence Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 2000 29 282 292 10802836
  17. Feng X Keenan K Hipwell AE Henneberger AK Rischall MS Butch J Babinski DE Longitudinal associations between emotion regulation and depression in preadolescent girls: Moderation by the caregiving environment Developmental Psychology 2009 45 798 808 19413432 PMC2679182
  18. Galambos NL Leadbeater BJ Barker ET Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study International Journal of Behavioral Development 2004 28 16 25
  19. Grant KE McCormick A Poindexter L Simpkins T Janda CM Thomas KJ Taylor J Exposure to violence and parenting as mediators between poverty and psychological symptoms in urban African American adolescents Journal of Adolescence 2005 28 507 521 16022885
  20. Han ZR Shaffer A The relation of parental emotion dysregulation to children’s psychopathology symptoms: The moderating role of child emotion dysregulation Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2013 44 591 601 23247760
  21. Harper SE Exploring the role of Filipino fathers: Paternal behaviors and child outcomes Journal of Family Issues 2010 31 66 89
  22. Holmbeck GN Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and meditational effects in studies of pediatric populations Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2002 27 87 96 11726683
  23. Hu L Bentler PM Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1999 6 1 55
  24. Ingoldsby EM Shaw DS Neighborhood contextual factors and early-starting antisocial pathways Clinical and Family Psychological Review 2002 5 21 55 11993544
  25. Kliewer W Cunningham JN Diehl R Parrish KA Walker JM Atiyeh C Roberto M Violence exposure and adjustment in inner-city youth: Child and caregiver emotion regulation skill, caregiver-child relationship quality, and neighborhood cohesion as protective factors Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2004 33 477 487 15271605
  26. Kunz JH Grych JH Parental psychological control and autonomy granting: Distinctions and associations with child and family functioning Parenting: Science and Practice 2013 13 77 94 PMC3572750 23418403
  27. Leventhal T Brooks-Gunn J The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes Psychological Bulletin 2000 126 309 337 10748645
  28. Maughan A Cicchetti D Toth SL Rogosch FA Early-occurring maternal depression and maternal negativity in predicting young children’s emotion regulation and socioemotional difficulties Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2007 35 685 703 17503175
  29. McEwen C Flouri E Fathers’ parenting, adverse life events, and adolescents’ emotional and eating disorder symptoms: The role of emotion regulation European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2009 18 206 216 18810309
  30. Morris AS Silk JS Steinberg L Myers SS Robinson LR The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation Social Development 2007 16 361 388 19756175 PMC2743505
  31. Raver CC Placing emotional self-regulation in sociocultural and socioeconomic contexts Child Development 2004 75 346 353 15056189
  32. Roth G Assor A Niemiec CP Ryan RM Deci EL The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices Developmental Psychology 2009 45 1119 1142 19586183
  33. Rothbart MK Bates JE Eisenberg N Damon W Temperament Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development 2006 New York, NY John Wiley and Sons 99 166
  34. Rubin KH Burgess KB Hastings PD Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors Child Development 2002 73 483 495 11949904
  35. Schaefer ES A circumplex model for maternal behavior Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1959 59 226 235 14442320
  36. Schaefer ES Children’s reports of parental behavior: An inventory Child Development 1965 36 413 424 14300862
  37. Schwartz D Proctor LJ Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000 68 670 683 10965642
  38. Silk JS Morris AS Kanaya T Steinberg L Psychological control and autonomy granting: Opposite ends of a continuum or distinct constructs? Journal of Research on Adolescence 2003 13 113 128
  39. Silk JS Shaw DS Forbes EE Lane TL Kovacs M Maternal depression and child internalizing: The moderating role of child emotion regulation Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2006 35 116 126 16390307
  40. Silk JS Steinberg L Morris AS Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior Child Development 2003 74 1869 1880 14669901
  41. Soenens B Luyckx K Vansteenkiste M Duriez B Goossens L Clarifying the link between parental psychological control and adolescents’ depressive symptoms Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2008 54 411 444
  42. Soenens B Luyckx K Vansteenkiste M Luyten P Duriez B Goossens L Maladaptive perfectionism as an intervening variable between psychological control and adolescent depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study Journal of Family Psychology 2008 22 465 474 18540775
  43. Soenens B Vansteenkiste M A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory Developmental Review 2010 30 74 99
  44. Steinberg L Psychological control: Style or substance? New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2005 2005 71 78 16121898
  45. Sullivan TN Helms SW Kliewer W Goodman KL Associations between sadness and anger regulation coping, emotional expression, and physical and relational aggression among urban adolescents Social Development 2010 19 30 51 20221302 PMC2835343
  46. Thompson RA Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 1994 59 2–3, Serial No. 240 25 52 7984164
  47. Valiente C Eisenberg N Spinrad TL Reiser M Cumberland A Losoya SH Liew J Relations among mothers’ expressivity, children’s effortful control, and their problem behaviors: A four-year longitudinal study Emotion 2006 6 459 472 16938087 PMC1676339
  48. Vandenburg RJ Lance CE A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research Organizational Research Methods 2000 3 4 70
  49. Wijsbroek SA Hale III WW Raaijmakers QA Meeus WH The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2011 20 361 371 21604192 PMC3135823
  50. Zeman J Cassano M Perry-Parrish C Stegall S Emotion regulation in children and adolescents Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2006 27 155 168 16682883
  51. Zeman J Shipman K Penza-Clyve S Development and initial validation of the Children's Sadness Management Scale Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 2001 25 187 205
  52. Zeman J Shipman K Suveg C Anger and sadness regulation: Predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2002 31 393 398 12149977

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J., & Silk, J. S.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Oklahoma State University (US)
  • Indiana University (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
Morris, Amanda Sheffield
Venue
Parenting
Published
2014-01-02
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
47-67
ISSN
  • 1529-5192 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7922
OpenAlex
W2105237270
Cited by
206
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
FWCI
11.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Parenting (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Opus: Research & Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (1r15hd072463-01)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R15 HD072463)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords
parental psychological control, adolescent adjustment, adolescent emotion regulation, aggression, depressive symptoms, anger regulation, anger dysregulation, disadvantaged youth, mediation, moderation, age differences, sex differences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review