The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Building an inner sanctuary: complex PTSD in chimpanzees.
Open accessAbstract
Through the analysis of case studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in residence at a sanctuary, who previously sustained prolonged captivity and biomedical experimentation, we illustrate how human psychological models of diagnosis and treatment might be approached in great apes. This study reflects growing attention to ethical, scientific, and practical problems associated with psychological well-being of animals. The analysis concludes that a diagnosis of Complex PTSD in chimpanzees is consistent with descriptions of trauma-induced symptoms as described by the DSM-IV and human trauma research. We discuss how these findings relate to diagnosis and treatment of chimpanzees in captivity and the issue of their continued laboratory use. This clinical study contributes toward theory and therapeutic practices of an emergent trans-species psychology inclusive of both humans and other species. Such an ability to extend what we know about models of human trauma opens deeper understanding and insights into ourselves as well as individuals from other species.
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“Complex PTSD, depression, and other psychiatric conditions have been diagnosed in other species, including chimpanzees [14], [22], [23], [41]–[46], although it is unclear how appropriate the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed.) criteria [47] or other traditional methods of assessing psychopathology are for use in species other than humans.”
From Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
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Cites
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Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0001
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0002
Western Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0020
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0007
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Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0009
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0017
Evolutionary Scenarios and Theoretical Developments
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0026
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0027
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0024
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.002.0004
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Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.003.0030
Ferguson, R. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197506752.002.0007
Waligóra, J. (2023) · Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Poetica · doi:10.24917/23534583.11.16
Belli, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39854-4_21
ADEGBE, S., esohe, L. A., Jimoh-Abdulghaffaar, H. O., & Adegoke, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601862
Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Psychopathology in Animals
McMillan, F. D. (2025) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800624313.0012
Aguilera, B., Gomez, J. P., & DeGrazia, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14053768
Biomarkers for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: translational and evolutionary perspectives
Rajkumar, R. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1786811
Metadata
- Authors
- Bradshaw, G. A., Capaldo, T., Lindner, L., & Grow, G.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- New England Anti-Vivisection Society (US)
- Fauna Foundation
- Venue
- Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-04-18
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-34
- ISSN
- 1529-9732 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-9740
- OpenAlex
- W2030395493
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Keywords
- complex PTSD, chimpanzees, animal sanctuaries, animal trauma, captivity, animal welfare, animal experimentation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Mental Disorders, Pan troglodytes, Disease Models, Animal, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Humans, Models, Psychological, Object Attachment, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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