Beyond Criterion A1: The Effects of Relational and Non-Relational Traumatic Events
Abstract
Trauma research has historically focused on Criterion A1 traumas, neglecting many other negative interpersonal events that have been shown to lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; S. L. Anders, P. A. Frazier, & S. Frankfurt, 2011 ). Trauma research has also focused primarily on PTSD and neglected other important outcomes, such as relationship functioning. This study aimed to assess a broader range of events, including many Criterion A1 interpersonal events; assess the cumulative impact of event exposure; and examine the relation between event exposure and a broad range of outcomes, including relationship functioning. A sample of 181 undergraduate students completed measures assessing exposure to a broad range of events, their worst lifetime event, and current psychological (e.g., psychological distress) and relationship (e.g., partner trust) functioning. Results suggested that non-Criterion A1 relational events were very common in our sample. The number of lifetime relational events experienced, whether Criterion A1 or non-Criterion A1, was strongly and consistently associated with all outcomes. The number of lifetime Criterion A1 non-relational events experienced was significantly associated with current PTSD symptoms but was not associated with other mental health and relationship outcomes. No differences were found between Criterion A1 relational, non-Criterion A1 relational, and Criterion A1 non-relational worst events on any of the mental health or relationship me…
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Distinctions between relational and non-relational SLEs and economic SLEs have been used in some previous studies.
“Distinctions between relational and non-relational SLEs and economic SLEs have been used in some previous studies (Anders, Shallcross, & Frazier, 2012; Stone et al., 2015; Ward, Kanu, & Robb, 2017).”
From Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study (2023) · cites this paper as Anders, Shallcross, & Frazier, 2012
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- Authors
- Anders, S. L., Shallcross, S. L., & Frazier, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anders, Samantha L.
- ORCID
- Frazier, Patricia A.
- Venue
- Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-02-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 134-151
- ISSN
- 1529-9732 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-9740
- OpenAlex
- W2089525408
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, interpersonal trauma, relationship functioning, partner trust, psychological distress, undergraduate students, mental health outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Male, Mass Screening, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Trust, Young Adult
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