Trust in close relationships.
Abstract
A theoretical model describing interpersonal trust in close relationships is presented. Three dimensions of trust are identified, based on the type of attributions drawn about a partner's motives. These dimensions are also characterized by a developmental progression in the relationship. The validity of this theoretical perspective was examined through evidence obtained from a survey of a heterogeneous sample of established couples. An analysis of the Trust Scale in this sample was consistent with the notion that the predictability, dependability, and faith components represent distinct and coherent dimensions. A scale to measure interpersonal motives was also developed. The perception of intrinsic motives in a partner emerged as a dimension, as did instrumental and extrinsic motives. As expected, love and happiness were closely tied to feelings of faith and the attribution of intrinsic motivation to both self and partner. Women appeared to have more integrated, complex views of their relationships than men: All three forms of trust were strongly related and attributions of instrumental motives in their partners seemed to be self-affirming. Finally, there was a tendency for people to view their own motives as less self-centered and more exclusively intrinsic in flavor than their partner's motives.
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In fulfillment, the trustor realizes a benefit, which can be financial or can be entertainment, sociability, time saved, reduced cognitive effort, or seamless collaboration.
“In the case of fulfillment (3a), the trustor realizes a benefit. This can be financial, but her desired outcome might also be entertainment, sociability, time saved, reduced cognitive effort, or seamless collaboration (Corritore et al., 2003; McKnight et al., 2000; Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985).”
From The mechanics of trust: A framework for research and design (2005) · cites this paper as Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985
Trust, once broken, is difficult to rebuild.
“(1) trust, once broken, is difficult to rebuild [45]”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
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“It is what Rempel et al. (1985) call ''predictability'' and Johnson- George and Swap (1982) call ''reliableness.''”
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“Accordingly, trust was assessed by two sets of measures: the Trust Scale (which consists of three subscales: predictability, dependability, and faith; Rempel et al., 1985) and the Insecurity Scale (Fei & Berscheid, 1977).”
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““feelings of confidence and security in the caring response of the other party” ( Rempel et al. , 1985, p. 96”
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“But, studying these trustworthiness beliefs in the context of e-commerce requires a verified and reliable scale that is adapted to the unique online environment where, unlike previous research that examined these trustworthiness beliefs (Mayer & Davis, 1999; Rempel et al., 1985), there is absolutely no interaction wit…”
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Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A., & Agnew, C. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.942 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Trust and Distrust Definitions: One Bite at a Time
Harrison McKnight, D., & Chervany, N. L. (2001) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45547-7_3 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
“The possibility of negative consequences [26, 104] or risk [29, 73, 86] or uncertainty [66, 72] makes trust important but problematic.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrust, self-confidence, and operators' adaptation to automation
Lee, J. D., & Moray, N. (1994) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1994.1007 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.363 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Credibility and trust in risk communication
Renn, O., & Levine, D. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1952-5_10 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships.
van Lange, P., Rusbult, C., Drigotas, S. M., Arriaga, X. B., Witcher, B. S., & Cox, C. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1373 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
“Acts of sacrifice are likely to enhance one's partner's trust and conviction that the individual can be relied on to behave in a prorelationship manner (cf. Holmes, 1989; Holmes & Rempel, 1989 ).”
BackgroundPerceptions of Conflict and Support in Romantic Relationships: The Role of Attachment Anxiety
Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.510 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Trust and Commitment through Self-Verification
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (1999) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2695833 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Measuring the quality of relationships in consumer services: an empirical study
Roberts, K., Varki, S., & Brodie, R. J. (2003) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560310454037 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
How Can Cooperation Be Fostered? The Cultural Effects of Individualism-Collectivism
Chen, C. C., Chen, X.-P., & Meindl, J. R. (1998) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1998.533227 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Young-Ybarra, C. E., & Wiersema, M. F. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.4.439 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Consumers' Trust in a Brand and the Link to Brand Loyalty
Lau, G. T., & Lee, S. H. (1999) · Journal of Market-Focused Management · doi:10.1023/a:1009886520142 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
“Remple et al. (1985) found that the perceived motives of an exchange partner affect trust in that partner.”
BackgroundSocial Capital in Multinational Corporations and a Micro-Macro Model of Its Formation
Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2003) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2003.9416356 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
“Furthermore, these relationships and attitudes toward particular individuals will accrue to form a general perception about headquarters (Rempel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundTrust and commitment influences on customer retention: insights from business-to-business services
Gounaris, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(03)00122-x · Cited by 675 · see citing works
“A major prerequisite for trust is the ability to interpret the other’s true intentions (Rampel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundHengstler, M., Enkel, E., & Duelli, S. (2016) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.014 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
“Over time, trust in automation evolves alongside the three dimensions of predictability, dependability, and faith (Rempel et al., 1985).”
BackgroundTrust, conflict, and cooperation: A meta-analysis.
Balliet, D. P., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030939 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Measuring Patients’ Trust in their Primary Care Providers
Hall, M. A., Zheng, B., Dugan, E., Camacho, F., Kidd, K. E., Mishra, A., & Balkrishnan, R. (2002) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558702059003004 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Campbell, L., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00023 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
The Role of Customer Engagement in Building Consumer Loyalty to Tourism Brands
So, K. K. F., King, C., Sparks, B., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287514541008 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
“…indirect contact with the firm (e.g., advertising or publicity), the most critical factor is evaluation of the consumption experience (Delgado-Ballester, Munuera-Alemán, and Yague-Guillen 2003; Delgado-Ballester and Munuera-Alemán 2001; Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna 1985; Ravald and Gronroos 1996).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust
Doney, P. M., Cannon, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. (1998) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259297 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
“This suggests that trust based on prediction is fragile: the belief that a partner's behavior is predictable {not volatile) may easily crumble when stressed {Rempel et al., 1985), A single behavioral anomaly may be all it takes to destroy trust based on predictability.”
BackgroundA Multidisciplinary Analysis of the Nature, Meaning, and Measurement of Trust
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, W. K. (2000) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543070004547 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Dynamic nature of trust in virtual teams
Kanawattanachai, P., & Yoo, Y. (2002) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0963-8687(02)00019-7 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
“Past studies have shown that trust in a traditional working relationship develops and changes over time (Rempel et al., 1985; Rotter, 1980; Zand, 1972) based on on-going interaction, and the experience of working together.”
BackgroundAdams, K. S., & Christenson, S. L. (2000) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(00)00048-0 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
“Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna (1985) hypothesized that trust consisted of three progressing levels arranged in a hierarchical order—predictability, dependability, and faith—and that interactions within relationships tended to be characterized by a single level.”
BackgroundTrust in management and knowledge sharing: The mediating effects of fear and knowledge documentation
Renzl, B. E. (2006) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2006.06.005 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
“[50] faith, or the belief that others will act in caring ways, is the most important aspect of interpersonal trust.”
Background
- Authors
- Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1985-07
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-112
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2034235631
- Cited by
- 3,146
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- interpersonal trust, close relationships, couples, intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-affirmation, faith, predictability, dependability, gender differences, relationship building, trust scale
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