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Physical Activity, Sleep and Quality of Life in Older Adults: Influence of Physical, Mental and Social Well-being
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Physical activity and sleep quality have been consistently associated with quality of life (QOL) in a number of clinical and non-clinical populations. However, mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally test a model examining how changes in physical activity and sleep quality, predict physical, mental and social well-being and global QoL across a 6-month exercise trial in a sample of healthy older adults.Methods: Participants (N = 247, mean age 65.4 ± 4.6) wore an accelerometer to assess objective levels of physical activity and completed measures of sleep, physical and mental well-being, social well-being and QOL at baseline and following a 6-month physical activity intervention. Relationships among model constructs were examined over time using panel analysis within a covariance-modeling framework.Results: The hypothesized model provided a good model-data fit (χ2 = 58.77, df = 41, p = .036); CFI = 0.98; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.04). At both time-points, physical activity and sleep quality were significantly correlated. Sleep quality indirectly influenced QOL via physical, mental and social well-being (QOL R2 = .47, p < .001). These relationships were also supported across time at month 6 (QOL R2 = .50, p < .001). Neither physical activity nor sleep quality directly influenced QOL.Conclusion: Our results support a novel sleep and QOL model that may inform the design of health interventions to promote sleep quality, and thereby influencing QOL by targeting physical activity and modifiable mediators of physical, mental and social health. Our findings may have significant implications for older adults as well as clinical populations that report compromised sleep, impaired health related and global QOL.
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“Fear of experiencing another a ack reinforces hyperarousal, impairing sleep initiation and quality [107].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [107]
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“Based on prior experiences with ESM practices in measuring hedonic and social well-being, our study, by adopting the ESM, can more accurately capture how the variances of caregivers’ well-being are associated with their personal meaning-making tendencies in relation to challenges posed in major aspects of their daily…”
MethodCordeiro, J. F. C., da Silva, L. S. L., Abdalla, P. P., Vila-Chã, C. J. F., Miranda, K. A., Sebastião, É., Gaya, A. R., Machado, D. R. L., dos Santos, A. P., & Bohn, L. (2024) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-024-09570-z · Cited by 2
“For instance, researchers have observed that sleep quality directly affects daily activities and is involved in individual psychological, cognitive, and physical well-being (Casagrande et al., 2021; Gothe et al., 2020).”
Gdonteli, K., Athanasopoulou, P., & Gavriilidou, E. (2024) · Palgrave studies in cross-disciplinary business research, in association with EuroMed Academy of Business · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62534-3_6 · Cited by 2
Pendet, N. M. D. P., Januraga, P. P., Wijanadi, M. C., & Gautama, M. S. N. (2024) · Home Health Care Management & Practice · doi:10.1177/10848223241268568 · Cited by 2
“39 Our findings according to the systematic analysis on secondary outcomes provide a nuanced understanding of the impact of these interventions.”
Physical, cognitive and emotional outcomes in older adults exercisers: A systematic review
Araque-Martínez, M. Á., Artés-Rodríguez, E. M., Ruíz-Montero, P. J., & Casimiro-Andújar, A. J. (2021) · Winter Conferences of Sports Science · doi:10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc3.25 · Cited by 2
“…physical training in platform, 1 h session three times a week/ QE Language, attention, working memory, sustained attention, executive functions, verbal learning, depression (Gothe et al., 2019) F/M, 169/78, 60–79 24 weeks Aerobic dance; aerobic walking; aerobic walking + nutritional supplement;…”
BackgroundInfluentialUchiumi, T., Ishizawa, M., Takahata, M., Yamaki, M., & Sato, T. (2024) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-024-00276-5 · Cited by 1
“However, sleep quality did affect QOL indirectly through physical, mental, and social well-being [2].”
Marino, C., Christens, B. D., Lenzi, M., Galeotti, T., Gaboardi, M., Tubertini, E., Canale, N., Vieno, A., Bonichini, S., Bergamin, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70050 · Cited by 4
Liu, S., Li, M., Li, Q., Calderon, R., Lukkahatai, N., & Li, J. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.03.051 · Cited by 1
The Role of Physical Self-Efficacy in Enhancing Quality of Life Among Rural Filipino Youth
Mancera, M. A. (2025) · Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER) · doi:10.37251/ijoer.v6i2.1441 · Cited by 1
“Studies show that body image is closely linked to self-esteem, emotional well-being, and social interactions, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood [43].”
Colecchia, F., Spinelli, G., Havsteen-Franklin, D., & Nandy, M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/64790 · Cited by 1
“…of narratives to be considered include those focusing on modern integrated views of well-being along mental, social, and physical dimensions [60], as opposed to others with more explicit clinical connotations—for example, with reference to the diagnosis of anxiety, depression, and other…”
Improving physiology with improv
Amir, O., & Lemmer, M. (2025) · Dramatherapy · doi:10.1386/dj_00028_1 · Cited by 1
Sarfan, L. D., Milner, A. E., Varghese, J., Patino, E. O., Hilmoe, H. E., Portnova, V., Diaz, M., Agnew, E. R., Callaway, C. A., Fisher, K., et al. (2025) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2595027 · Cited by 1
“…Neikrug & Ancoli-Israel, 2010) and increase risk for negative outcomes, including falls, depression, worse cognitive functioning, reduced physical activity, and diminished well-being (e.g., Bao et al., 2017; Dzierzewski et al., 2018; Gothe et al., 2020; Holfeld & Ruthig, 2014; Min & Slattum, 2018).”
Determinants of Quality of Life Among Elderly in a Social Care Center: Emphasis on Sleep
Yuliati, Y., Wihardja, H., & Pambudi, A. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.171903.1 · Cited by 1
Personalizing Activity Tracking: Enabling Older Adults to Teach and Train Their Wearables
Khayami, H. (2025) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3714394.3750554 · Cited by 1
“Engagement in a diverse array of meaningful activities is associated with improved mental, physical, and social well-being [5, 18, 25].”
Adesi, M., Arimiyaw, D., Owusu‐Manu, D., Ahiabu, M. K., & Kissi, E. (2026) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-12-2024-0721 · Cited by 1
노년기 신체활동 참여 수준에 따른 건강 관련 삶의 질(EuroQoL)의 관계
김, 성. (2023) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2023.3.62.2.23 · Cited by 1
Roncoroni, J., Tucker, C. M., Wippold, G. M., Ramchander, K., Pirapakaran, M., & Henry, M. A. (2024) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ethndis-2022-2027 · Cited by 1
Gyasi, R. M., Nyaaba, E., Agyei, D., Appiah, P., Konadu, E., Opoku-Ware, J., Gyasi-Boadu, N., Tayviah, M. M., Rahmati, M., Abass, K., et al. (2024) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2024.2442743 · Cited by 2
“…improved mobility, social belonging or connectedness (Barros et al., 2023; Silva et al., 2022), and reduced bothersome bodily pain through enhanced blood circulation and muscle strength (Gothe et al., 2020; Sheffler et al., 2023), which may provide the required energy for uninterrupted sleep.”
Fit to connect: The role of physical activity in enhancing social self-efficacy among students
Peromingan, R., Paringit, S. C., Tan, D. J., Tinaytina, Z., Misil, E. S., & Tagare, R. L. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2026090 · Cited by 5
Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice.
Song, S., Irfan, M., Tahir, Z., Garrison, K. A., & Ziskind, S. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00370-2
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“This combination of physical, cognitive and emotional outcomes was observed in 14 (21%) out of the 66 chosen studies, where six of those 14 papers were published in 2019 [33, 50, 59, 71, 83, 87].”
BackgroundPredictors of quality of life in women with diverse life activity
Leś, A., Guszkowska, M., Kozdroń, E., Piotrowska, J., & Bobowik, P. Ż. (2021) · Hipatia Press
He, M., Deng, X., Niu, W., Zhu, Y., & Huan, L. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.17705
Association between Physical Activity Level and Sleep Quality in the Elderly
Cahya, N. K. D., & Haryono, I. R. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health Research · doi:10.25170/juhr.v1i1.3853
KILIÇ, A. C., ALPTEKİN, S. E., & Karakuş, A. (2023) · International Journal of Machine Learning · doi:10.18178/ijml.2023.13.3.1138
Su, M., Zhou, Y., Chen, W., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3377180/v1
Towards a Greater Awareness of the Relevance of Sleep and Physical Activity for Personal Well-Being
Bardini, S., Ginestretti, L., Lazzari, J., & Santambrogio, M. D. (2024) · IEEE International Workshop on Sport, Technology and Research (STAR) · doi:10.1109/star62027.2024.10635937
“Indeed, the detrimental effects of inadequate physical activity and poor sleep quality on Quality of Life (QoL) are well-documented [18].”
Background노인의 운동실천 문화조성을 위한 ‘운동품앗이’(헬스케어 앱) 요인 탐색을 통한 모델 구축: 심리⋅사회⋅물리적 터치(정보, 교육, 소통)를 중심으로*
변, 현., 황, 수., & 박, 성. (2024) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2024.9.63.5.36
A digitális jóllét pozitív pszichológiai megközelítésben
Turóczi, H., & Kun, Á. (2025) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2024.00098 · Cited by 2
Competitive Sport and Quality of Life in Older Adults
Bumrungpanictarworn, A., To-aj, O., Chanbanchong, N., Udomphorn, Y., Khaosanit, P., & Suksuwan, C. (2025) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1080/01924788.2025.2488150
“Similarly, Gothe et al. (2020) added to the growing body of literature on active aging by supporting evidence that regular physical activity is a major determinant of quality of life in older adults.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gothe, N. P., Ehlers, D. K., Salerno, E. A., Fanning, J., Kramer, A. F., & McAuley, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gothe, Neha P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-11-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 797-808
- ISSN
- 1540-2002 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-2010
- PMC
- PMC7324024
- OpenAlex
- W2984193469
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37 AG025667)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- physical activity, sleep quality, quality of life, older adults, physical well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, mediation model, accelerometer-measured activity, exercise intervention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Sleep, Exercise
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