The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses
Abstract
The recent emphasis on positive psychology is welcome, and has spurred much relevant research. But, there are still many unresolved conceptual and research issues, as more variables are being proposed as relevant. As part of this process, the present paper proposes hardiness as an addition to positive psychology. Hardiness is a combination of attitudes that provides the courage and motivation to do the hard, strategic work of turning stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities. In this regard, the inherently stressful nature of living is discussed. Also clarified are the particular aspects of excellence in performance and health to which hardiness is relevant. The paper concludes with a call for issue-resolving research through which orientations and actions proposed as part of positive psychology can be compared in their contributions to performance and health. Two studies along these lines have found hardiness more powerful than optimism and religiousness in coping with stresses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Positive psychology: An introduction.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5 · Cited by 11,351
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,059
Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851
Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness.
Kobasa, S. C. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.1.1 · Cited by 3,816
An 'American psychologist': (312492004-035)
O'Connor, E. (2001) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e312492004-035 · Cited by 2,342
The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment
(2004) · doi:10.4324/9781410610614 · Cited by 1,503
Scheier, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (1987) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x · Cited by 1,221
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,182
Evaluating stress : a book of resources
Zalaquett, C. P., & Wood, R. J. (1997) · Scarecrow Press eBooks · Cited by 1,176
Cited by
How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes
Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.09.001 · Cited by 1,245
Aspinwall, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9153-0 · Cited by 271
Posttraumatic stress disorder in police, firefighters, and emergency dispatchers
Klimley, K. E., Van Hasselt, V. B., & Stripling, A. M. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.08.005 · Cited by 159
Farchi, M., Hirsch-Gornemann, M. B., Whiteson, A., & Gidron, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience · doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000395 · Cited by 60
Metadata
- Authors
- Maddi, S. R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Positive Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 160-168
- ISSN
- 1743-9760 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9779
- OpenAlex
- W2025902440
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 55
- FWCI
- 9.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/17439760600619609
- The paper
- Maddi, S. R. (2006). Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses. The Journal of Positive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619609
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.