The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 5 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Providing effective support to parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an important part of clinical work. This study used outsider witnesses in group counselling for parents of children with ASD and explored the mechanism through which the therapeutic effects occurred. METHOD: Parents of children diagnosed with ASD participated in an eight-session group activity. Two outsider witnesses were introduced into some of the sessions. The participants were interviewed to collect their experiences of and reflections on the outsider-witness practice. Texts were analysed using the categorical content approach. RESULTS: The intervention was effective because the participants shifted their subjective experiences to an objective position, leading them to reflect on their previous limited perspectives, thus resulting in self-redefinition. These therapeutic effects may arise due to physical displacement, experience resonance, and externalization of subjective experiences. The results of this study have important implications for parents and practitioners.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In an eight-session narrative therapy group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), introducing two outsider witnesses in sessions 3 and 6 was reported to produce self-identity redefinition through four therapeutic shifts. Participants described three possible mechanisms—physical displacement, experience resonance, and externalization of subjective experiences.
Key findings
- The content analysis identified four therapeutic effects: becoming aware of past oversimplified and rigid perspectives, recalling forgotten details, redefining people/events/objects in their lives, and redefining self-identity.
- Three possible mechanisms were identified: physical displacement, experience resonance, and externalization of subjective experiences.
- Outsider witnesses also reported unique experiences: a sense of independent mental and physical space, and a hybrid role of coleader and group member.
- Research quality check: interviewee agreement that the analytical content reflected their subjective constructs ranged from 90% to 100%.
Methods
- Qualitative study using an eight-session narrative therapy group; two outsider witnesses attended sessions 3 and 6, with outsider witness practice conducted in three stages: telling, retelling, and retelling of the retelling.
- Participants: eight group members, of whom seven were interviewed (six female, one male; one couple present), aged 40–48 years, all parents of children diagnosed with ASD aged 13–16 years and diagnosed at age 2–5 years; two outsider witnesses were women aged 39–40 years with 13–14-year-old sons diagnosed with ASD, one also with ADHD.
- Data: interviews with two outsider witnesses and seven group members, each lasting 1.5–2.5 hours; analysis used the categorical content approach of Lieblich et al. (1998) with open coding and a three-step analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states that only parents of children with mild autism were selected, all participants volunteered, had higher educational backgrounds and cognitive competencies, and the group was highly homogeneous, limiting external validity.
- The paper states that data were collected after a single group activity or after eight group sessions, so only short-term and immediate therapeutic effects can be shown; it also notes no control group and difficulty obtaining a large qualitative sample.
- Evident from the text: findings rely on interview self-report from one group in one social welfare organization, with no long-term follow-up or comparative analysis.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
33 Own interpretation · 18 Own result · 7 Own method · 7 No basis given · 3 Sources not found · 2 No full text of the sources
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group members also redefined their self-identities through the outsider witnesses’ retelling of their narratives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Redefining self-identity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results indicate that, after including outsider witnesses, the participants (1) became aware of past narrow perspectives, (2) recalled forgotten details, (3) redefined people, events, and objects in their lives”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we found that outsider witnesses are highly concerned about whether their performance meets the expectations of the group leaders, causing them stress and anxiety.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Some considerations when involving outsider witnesses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results indicate that, after including outsider witnesses, the participants (1) became aware of past narrow perspectives, (2) recalled forgotten details, (3) redefined people, events, and objects in their lives, and (4) redefined their self-identities.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intervention was effective because the participants shifted their subjective experiences to an objective position, leading them to reflect on their previous limited perspectives, thus resulting in self-redefinition.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The therapeutic effects observed were due to the outsider witness practice rather than other aspects of the group therapy.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this study show that the introduction of outsider witnesses into parental support groups has a positive effect.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outsider witnesses’ similar experiences caused them to feel as if they were listening to group members narrate their own story.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Becoming aware of past oversimplified and rigid perspectives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A common change among the participants was becoming aware of their past rigid perspectives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Becoming aware of past oversimplified and rigid perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results indicate that, after including outsider witnesses, the participants (1) became aware of past narrow perspectives, (2) recalled forgotten details”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of content analysis suggest three major mechanisms that may be related to participants’ self-identity reconstruction.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group members generally reacted positively to the intervention involving outsider witnesses and believed that it was helpful to them.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These parents’ proactive behaviour indicates that they were open-minded and motivated; they also had higher educational backgrounds and cognitive competencies.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the group members were listening to the outsider witnesses’ retelling of their narratives, they could feel the outsider witnesses’ empathy and achieved experience resonance.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Experience resonance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar physical displacement effect also occurred during the retelling stage, when the group leader left the group to join the outsider witness for interviewing.”
- Also stated in: § Physical displacement · boosted
“Physical space created psychological distancing so that the group members clearly understood that they were the audience, thus allowing them to get closer to the narratives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Physical displacement
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Physical displacement · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outsider witnesses played a role similar to that of a coleader of the group, but not as a coleader who actively intervened.”
- Also stated in: § The outsider witness’s hybrid role of coleader and group member · hedged
“However, the outsider witnesses were to some extent like group members, but not the original group members.”
- Also stated in: § The outsider witness’s hybrid role of coleader and group member · plain
“Because of their mixed role, outsider witnesses did not always maintain objectivity like the group leader, but also did not become excessively emotionally involved like the group members. They expressed a kind of “moderate” involvement and concern.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > The outsider witness’s hybrid role of coleader and group member
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The outsider witness’s hybrid role of coleader and group member · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical displacement and experience resonance may allow participants to more objectively examine their own stories and thus externalize their subjective experiences.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By listening to people who have the same experience tell similar but not identical stories, participants can not only recognize the same parts of their own stories in the other party’s narrative, but also discover aspects that they have never thought of before.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this stage continued until the interviewees were no longer able to provide new information, thus achieving theoretical saturation”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Methods > Data collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical space created psychological distancing so that the outsider witnesses clearly understood that they were the audience.”
- Also stated in: § Physical displacement · hedged
“This psychological distance might have both prevented the outsider witnesses from becoming too emotional and allowed them to view the group members more clearly, thus enabling the outsider witnesses to get closer to group members’ narratives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Physical displacement
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Physical displacement · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is a significant reference point for parents of children with ASD.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Excessive anxiety or a feeling of helplessness may be a reason for poor adaptation in parents of children with ASD.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As stated earlier, outsider witness practices based on narrative therapy are of great help in reconstructing self-identity.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Narrative therapy and parental adaptation > Involving outsider witnesses in group therapy
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since this study was a qualitative investigation and group consultation research was time-consuming, it was not easy to obtain a large sample of participants.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the outsider witnesses sat separately from the group members, they strongly felt that they were in a very different position from the group members.”
- Also stated in: § A sense of independent mental and physical space · hedged
“Since the outsider witnesses were not members of the original group, they tended to feel that they were psychologically different from the group members.”
- Also stated in: § A sense of independent mental and physical space · hedged
“The physical and psychological independence appeared to help the outsider witnesses to avoid becoming too emotionally involved in the group members’ stories, so that they could maintain a calm mood and look at things more objectively.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > A sense of independent mental and physical space
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § A sense of independent mental and physical space · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These mechanisms may arise in large part due to the intertwined relationship between outsider witnesses and group members.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When different manifestations of the self are perceived, the participant may be able to recognize previously unseen parts of the self and redefine their self-identity.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new self-identity changes the participant, thus actualizing a therapeutic effect.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Helitzer et al. (2002) noted that by narrating their feelings about raising children with ASD, parents can discover their strengths and create a new self-identity.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Narrative therapy and parental adaptation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Helitzer et al. (2002) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distancing due to physical displacement enabled outsider witnesses and group members to see their own life experiences from others’ perspectives, externalize their subjective experiences, and objectively view their own experiences.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Externalization of subjective experiences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The main purpose of narrative therapy is to diminish the oppression of mainstream discourse and find untold alternative stories (White & Epston, 1990).”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites White & Epston, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven were interviewed after the group; one was unable to attend the interview due to a work conflict.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Methods > Participants
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the data analysed in this study were collected after a single group activity (involving an outsider witness) or after eight group sessions (involving group members); therefore, the study can only show short-term and immediate therapeutic effects.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interviewee agreement ranged from 90% to 100%, indicating that the results reflected the interviewees’ personal experiences.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Methods > Research quality check
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reinterpretation might have triggered the participants to redefine their self-identities.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may affect their performance in groups.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Some considerations when involving outsider witnesses
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the group’s own internal dynamics and cohesion will inevitably be affected when the outsider witnesses join it.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Some considerations when involving outsider witnesses
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants became aware of past narrow perspectives and thus recalled forgotten details.”
- Also stated in: § Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness · plain
“After becoming aware of their past limited perspectives, they began to recognize other experiences.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order for alternative stories to be found and told, they must first be deconstructed.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The outsider witness’s retelling and experience resonance can redefine the self-identity of the party concerned and provide the strength to help them to face their difficulties (Morgan, 2000).”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Narrative therapy and parental adaptation > Stage 3: retelling of the retelling
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Morgan, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes were not isolated, but each was part of another change; one change may spur another.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It appears that more healing is possible when people can disconnect from their subjective feelings.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These three changes—becoming aware of past rigid perspectives, recalling forgotten details, and redefining people, events, and objects—helped participants to self-reflect and deconstruct their old self-identities and reconstruct new self-identities.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Redefining self-identity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes are very much in line with the spirit of narrative therapy.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites White & Epston, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They thus expanded their view and redefined the people, events, and objects in their lives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, whether the results of this study can be applied to other counselling groups must be carefully considered.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Limitations and suggestions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key to the participant’s ability to redefine self-identity might be the examination of their self through different perspectives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, physical displacement may allow the participants to experience the perspective of others.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is very helpful in deconstruction.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Therapeutic effects of the outsider witness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When outsider witnesses, as the audience, listened to the group members’ stories, they could see experiences similar to their own, resulting in experience resonance.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Results > Experience resonance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, experience resonance may allow participants to connect with others’ perspectives and thus expand their own perspectives.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study found that the participants’ changes in perspective might have been induced by three possible mechanisms: (1) physical displacement; (2) experience resonance; and (3) externalization of subjective experiences.”
§ Effects of outsider witness practice on a support group for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder > Discussion > Possible mechanism through which the therapeutic effect occurs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Very few studies have been undertaken on group counselling for parents of children with ASD.
“To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have been undertaken on group counselling for parents of children with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No previous studies have included outsider witnesses in group counselling interventions for parents of children with ASD.
“To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have included outsider witnesses in group counselling interventions for parents of children with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The therapeutic effects observed were due to the outsider witness practice rather than other aspects of the group therapy.
“The intervention was effective because the participants shifted their subjective experiences to an objective position, leading them to reflect on their previous limited perspectives, thus resulting in self-redefinition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The subject of self-identity of parents of children with ASD received little attention in the past.
“The subject of self-identity of parents of children with ASD received little attention in the past.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most parent group assistance programs do not aim to reconstruct parents’ self-identities.
“Therefore, most parent group assistance programs do not aim to reconstruct parents’ self-identities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Such a hybrid role of coleader and group member had never existed in group counselling in the past.
“Such a role had never existed in group counselling in the past.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is one of the very few to introduce outsider witnesses to group counselling.
“Since this study is one of the very few to introduce outsider witnesses to group counselling, we offer suggestions for the future implementation of this method based on our experience of its use in this study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Excessive anxiety or a feeling of helplessness may be a reason for poor adaptation in parents of children with ASD.
“Excessive anxiety or a feeling of helplessness may be a reason for their poor adaptation, which is also worth noting by counselling practitioners.”
Citations
Cites
Handbook of Qualitative Research
Crozier, G., Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121684 · Cited by 26,666
(1994) · Cited by 13,126
(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,835
Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research
Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x · Cited by 3,344
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781412985253 · Cited by 1,826
White, M. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,369
Narratives of Therapists' Lives
White, M. (1997) · Cited by 410
Parenting behavior and the development of children with autism spectrum disorder
Crowell, J. A., Keluskar, J. L., & Gorecki, A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.11.007 · Cited by 313
The role of narrative in personality psychology today
McAdams, D. P. (2006) · Narrative Inquiry · doi:10.1075/ni.16.1.04mca · Cited by 189
Da Paz, N. S., & Wallander, J. L. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.006 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“Two common intervention modalities are (1) parent training, which aims to improve parents’ skills for dealing with difficult child behaviours; and (2) parent education, which aims to shapes parents’ expectations and understanding of their child’s behaviour (Da Paz & Wallander, 2017).”
BackgroundStigma among parents of children with autism: A literature review
Liao, X., Lei, X., & Li, Y. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.007 · Cited by 153
Parents’ experiences of an early autism diagnosis: Insights into their needs
Rabba, A. S., Dissanayake, C., & Barbaro, J. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101415 · Cited by 107
Narrative Therapy: An Introduction for Counsellors
Payne, M. (2006) · doi:10.4135/9781446213322 · Cited by 97
Stigmatization among parents of autism spectrum disorder children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alshaigi, K., Albraheem, R., Alsaleem, K., Zakaria, M., Jobeir, A., & Aldhalaan, H. (2019) · International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijpam.2019.06.003 · Cited by 92
Clifford, T., & Minnes, P. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1714-6 · Cited by 88
Ede, M. O., Anyanwu, J. I., Onuigbo, L. N., Ifelunni, C. O., Albi-Oparaocha, F. C., Okenyi, E. C., Agu, M. A., Ugwuanyi, L. T., Ugwuanyi, C. S., Eseadi, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00342-7 · Cited by 79
Parenting an Autistic Child: Experiences of Parents with Significant Autistic Traits
Marriott, E., Stacey, J., Hewitt, O. M., & Verkuijl, N. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05182-7 · Cited by 49
Renzo, M. D., Guerriero, V., Petrillo, M., & di Castelbianco, F. B. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211030735 · Cited by 47
Griffith, G. M., Totsika, V., Nash, S., Jones, R. S. P., & Hastings, R. P. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2012.701729 · Cited by 39
Stress factors in parents of children on the autism spectrum: an integrative model approach
Prata, J., Lawson, W. B., & Coelho, R. C. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health · doi:10.21035/ijcnmh.2019.6.2 · Cited by 37
Perceived Changes in Self-Image and Coping Strategies of Mothers of Children with Disabilities
Helitzer, D. L., Cunningham-Sabo, L. D., VanLeit, B., & Crowe, T. K. (2002) · OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/153944920202200104 · Cited by 24
Personal Growth Experience among Parents of Children with Autism Participating in Intervention
Liu, X.-Y., & To, S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04681-3 · Cited by 15
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Morgan, A. (2000). What is narrative therapy?. Dulwich Centre Publications.
- White, M. (1995). Re-authoring lives: Interviews and essays. Dulwich Centre Publications.
- White, M., & Morgan, A. (2006). Narrative therapy with children and their families. Dulwich Centre Publications.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jerovšek, I. (2026) · Repository of the University of Primorsk (University of Primorska)
Metadata
- Authors
- Chao, S.-H., & Chen, P.-H.
- Affiliations
- Soochow University (TW)
- National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Chao, Shu-He
- ORCID
- Chao, Shu-He
- Venue
- International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-03-30
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2196822-2196822
- ISSN
- 1748-2623 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-2631
- PMC
- PMC10064813
- OpenAlex
- W4361270487
- Semantic Scholar
- 13410bb4594f6a9c501c3496f62e667d15c11ad9
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- no funding
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parents of autistic children, support groups, group counseling, therapeutic mechanisms, self-redefinition, parental support
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Health Services, Humans, Parents, Self-Help Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
