Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research
Abstract
This paper describes and reviews the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The focus is on evidence supporting the further extension of the TPB in various ways. Empirical and theoretical evidence to support the addition of 6 variables to the TPB is reviewed: belief salience measures, past behavior/habit, perceived behavioral control (PBC) vs. self‐efficacy, moral norms, self‐identity, and affective beliefs. In each case there appears to be growing empirical evidence to support their addition to the TPB and some understanding of the processes by which they may be related to other TPB variables, intentions, and behavior. Two avenues for expansion of the TPB are presented. First, the possibility of incorporating the TPB into a dual‐process model of attitude–behavior relationships is reviewed. Second, the expansion of the TPB to include consideration of the volitional processes determining how goal intentions may lead to goal achievement is discussed.
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The simplicity of the theory of planned behavior allows other relevant variables to be integrated into the model, thereby increasing its predictive power.
“Another advantage of the model is that its simplicity allows other relevant variables to be integrated into the model thereby increasing its predictive power (Conner and Armitage, 1998).”
From A Social Identity Analysis of Climate Change and Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: Insights and Opportunities (2016) · cites this paper as Conner and Armitage, 1998
Support for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour has been established across a wide range of behavioural domains and in a variety of populations.
“Support for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour has been established across a wide range of behavioural domains and in a variety of populations (see e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001;Conner & Armitage, 1998).”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Conner & Armitage, 1998
Conner and Armitage (1998) found that, across 11 tests of the TPB, personal norm predicted, on average, an additional 4% of the variance in intention.
“Similarly, Conner and Armitage (1998) found that, across 11 tests of the TPB, personal norm predicted, on average, an additional 4% of the variance in intention.”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Conner & Armitage, 1998
Adding variables is common in research on TAM and on more general theories of human behavior.
“The tradition of adding variables is common in research on TAM [51, 136, 137] and on more general theories of human behavior [138, 139].”
From The Technology Acceptance Model: Its past and its future in health care (2010) · cites this paper as [139]
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- Authors
- Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Conner, Mark
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1429-1464
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2152520342
- Cited by
- 3,344
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 134 · 2025: 218 · 2024: 231 · 2023: 220 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 175 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 165 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 163 · 2013: 118 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 44.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental Education and Sustainability
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- theory of planned behavior, past behavior, habit, perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, moral norms, self-identity, affective beliefs, dual-process models, attitude-behavior relationship, volitional processes, goal achievement
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