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The association between disaster exposure and media use on post-traumatic stress disorder following Typhoon Hato in Macao, China
Open accessAbstract
Background: Direct exposure to natural disasters and related losses are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is less clear whether indirect media exposure is associated with PTSD.Objective: This study investigated key exposure-related risk factors for PTSD and examined the effect of media exposure on the prevalence of disaster-related PTSD.Method: Typhoon Hato directly hit Macao on 23 August 2017. It was one of the most serious natural disasters ever to strike southern China. One month after the event, 1876 Chinese university students in Macao were recruited into a cross-sectional study (mean age 20.01 years, SD = 2.63; 66.2% female). Self-reported typhoon exposure, media use and exposure to disaster-related content, and PTSD symptoms were collected using an electronic survey. Univariable analyses assessed associations between risk factors and PTSD, which were then included in a series of multivariable logistic regressions.Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 5.1%. Adjusted models demonstrated that being male (vs female) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–2.63], home damage (aOR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.71–4.78), witnessing people injured (aOR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.36–4.00), and almost drowning during the storm (aOR = 8.99, 95% CI 1.92–41.99) were associated with PTSD. After adjusting for direct exposure, indirect exposure to disaster-related social media content, including information related to drowning victims (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.00–1.67) and residents’ emotional reactions (aOR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.44–2.72), was associated with PTSD. Viewing more information about the storm itself (aOR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.28–0.49) and images of heroic acts (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.94) were significantly associated with lower odds of PTSD.Conclusion: These findings add to the literature demonstrating that some types of media use and certain media content following a natural disaster are associated with PTSD.
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“A large body of previous research has convincingly established the association between media exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress related to various life-threatening stressors, such as war conflicts [9,10], terrorism and other acts of mass violence [11-15], natural disasters [16,17], and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In Hong Kong, frequent exposure to distressing tsunami-related news was significantly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms, while in Macao, indirect exposure to disaster-related social media content following Typhoon Hato was linked to PTSD among university students.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“In Hong Kong, frequent exposure to distressing tsunami-related news was significantly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms, while in Macao, indirect exposure to disaster-related social media content following Typhoon Hato was linked to PTSD among university students.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [135]
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Sorted by citations
Items 101–101 of 101
Baek, S., & Lee, M.-K. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2732540
“In disas-ter-affected regions, both the quantity of media exposure and qualitative content characteristics (e.g. graphic intensity and repetitiveness) have been significantly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms (Hall et al., 2019; Liu & Liu, 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hall, B. J., Xiong, Y. X., Yip, P. S. Y., Lao, C. K., Shi, W., Sou, E. K. L., Chang, K., Wang, L., & Lam, A. I. F.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Macao, Macao (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- University of Macau (MO)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Brian J.
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-14
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1558709-1558709
- ISSN
- 2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6338284
- OpenAlex
- W2910901184
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 14.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Institutional Repository of Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Macao Government RSKTO (MYRG-2015-111)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, Typhoon Hato, disaster exposure, media exposure, social media, natural disasters, university students, housing damage, drowning, risk factors, gender differences, Macau, psychological resilience, disaster recovery, disaster narratives, disaster imagery
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