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Cited by 73Stress Responses and CortisolHealth, psychology, and well-beingMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases.

Open access
Shchaslyvyi, Aladdin Y., Antonenko, Svitlana V., Telegeev, Gennadiy D.·2024·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph21081077PMC PMC11353953
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Abstract

The connection between chronic psychological stress and the onset of various diseases, including diabetes, HIV, cancer, and cardiovascular conditions, is well documented. This review synthesizes current research on the neurological, immune, hormonal, and genetic pathways through which stress influences disease progression, affecting multiple body systems: nervous, immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, musculoskeletal, and integumentary. Central to this review is an evaluation of 16 Behavioral Stress Reduction Programs (BSRPs) across over 200 studies, assessing their effectiveness in mitigating stress-related health outcomes. While our findings suggest that BSRPs have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of medical therapies and reverse disease progression, the variability in study designs, sample sizes, and methodologies raises questions about the generalizability and robustness of these results. Future research should focus on long-term, large-scale studies with rigorous methodologies to validate the effectiveness of BSRPs.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This comprehensive review synthesizes pathways by which chronic stress contributes to diseases and evaluates 16 Behavioral Stress Reduction Programs (BSRPs) across over 200 studies. It concludes BSRPs may enhance medical therapies and reverse disease progression, but study variability limits confidence in generalizability and robustness.

Key findings

  • Chronic stress is linked to diabetes, HIV, cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and other disorders through neurological, immune, hormonal, and genetic pathways affecting multiple body systems.
  • BSRPs are reported to improve psychological and physiological outcomes; for example, a longitudinal study of chronic pain patients (n = 133) found significant improvements in pain intensity and functional limitations after a BSRP.
  • In women with breast cancer, telomerase activity increased by approximately 17% over 12 weeks in the BSRP group versus negligible changes in controls; BSRPs were also associated with increased telomere length in CD14(+) monocytes.
  • Chronic stress influences over 700 genes, and BSRPs are proposed to work through three strategies: re-education, refocusing, and recoping.

Methods

  • Design: comprehensive narrative review synthesizing current research on stress pathways and evaluating 16 BSRPs across over 200 studies.
  • Data/sample: cited human and animal studies, including randomized trials, pilot studies, longitudinal cohorts, and genetic/immune analyses; no new primary data collected.
  • Analysis: qualitative synthesis with tables/figures and categorization of BSRP mechanisms into re-education, refocusing, and recoping; no meta-analysis is described.

Limitations

  • The paper states that variability in study designs, sample sizes, and methodologies raises questions about generalizability and robustness of BSRP results.
  • The paper states that many studies rely on self-reported data, introducing bias, and that short study durations limit conclusions about long-term efficacy.
  • The text makes evident that the field is still in early stages and lacks standardized methodologies, large samples, long-term measures, and validated stress biomarkers; it also does not report a systematic search strategy or quantitative meta-analysis.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph21081077

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

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  • Premisecitation

    Occupational stress is strongly linked to the risk of colorectal, lung, and esophageal cancers.

    “Research has established a strong link between occupational stress and the risk of several cancers, including colorectal, lung, and esophageal cancers, in a study involving 281,290 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    Chronic psychological stress is connected to the onset of various diseases, including diabetes, HIV, cancer, and cardiovascular conditions.

    “The connection between chronic psychological stress and the onset of various diseases, including diabetes, HIV, cancer, and cardiovascular conditions, is well documented.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationnone given

    Variability in study designs, sample sizes, and methodologies of BSRP studies raises questions about the generalizability and robustness of the results.

    “While our findings suggest that BSRPs have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of medical therapies and reverse disease progression, the variability in study designs, sample sizes, and methodologies raises questions about the generalizability and robustness of these results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    A differentially expressed genes analysis identified 282 DEGs, with upregulated genes primarily involved in immune and inflammatory responses.

    “A differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis identified 282 DEGs, with the upregulated genes primarily involved in immune and inflammatory responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    In an animal model, mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress displayed behaviors indicative of depression and chronic stress.

    “In an animal model study, mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress displayed behaviors indicative of depression and chronic stress.”
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    Findingcitation

    Many institutions lack formal training for faculty on student mental health and do not assess the impact of stress interventions effectively.

    “However, many institutions lack formal training for the faculty on student mental health and do not assess the impact of stress interventions effectively [347,348].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [347] Arif, S.A., Moran, K., Quiñones-Boex, A., and El-Ibiary, S.Y. (2021). Student Stress Management and Wellness Programs among Colleges of Pharmacy. Innov. Pharm., 12. source

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    • cites [348] Chakr, 2021, Stress Management in Medicine, Rev. Assoc. Medica Bras. source

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    Findingcitation

    A survey of colleges of pharmacy revealed efforts to address student stress through counseling, academic advising, physical exercise support, and relationship-building activities.

    “A survey of colleges of pharmacy revealed efforts to address student stress through counseling, academic advising, physical exercise support, and relationship-building activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [347] Arif, S.A., Moran, K., Quiñones-Boex, A., and El-Ibiary, S.Y. (2021). Student Stress Management and Wellness Programs among Colleges of Pharmacy. Innov. Pharm., 12. source

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    • cites [348] Chakr, 2021, Stress Management in Medicine, Rev. Assoc. Medica Bras. source

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    Findingnone given

    NPY, CRHR1, and SCL6A4 genes are linked to lower resilience, whereas regulation of DRD1-DRD4, DBH, DAT, and BDNF are associated with higher resilience.

    “NPY, CRHR1, and SCL6A4 genes are linked to a lower resilience, whereas the regulation of DRD1-DRD4, DBH, DAT, and BDNF are associated with higher resilience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingnone given

    Chronic stress influences over 700 genes, including those involved in neurotransmission (such as serotonin and dopamine receptors), immune function, and cellular stress responses.

    “Chronic stress influences over 700 genes, including those involved in neurotransmission (such as serotonin and dopamine receptors), immune function, and cellular stress responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Reductions in perceived stress correlate with decreases in right basolateral amygdala gray matter density.

    “Neurobiological studies have identified the amygdala as a crucial brain region in stress responses, with research showing that reductions in perceived stress correlate with decreases in right basolateral amygdala gray matter density [4,5,6,7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [4] Domínguez-Gerpe, L., and Rey-Méndez, M. (2001). Alterations Induced by Chronic Stress in Lymphocyte Subsets of Blood and Primary and Secondary Immune Organs of Mice. BMC Immunol., 2. source

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    • cites [5] Carmody, 2010, Stress Reduction Correlates with Structural Changes in the Amygdala, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. source

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    • cites [6] Yang, 2019, Work Stress and the Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies, Int. J. Cancer source

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    • cites [7] Esch, 2010, Endogenous Reward Mechanisms and Their Importance in Stress Reduction, Exercise and the Brain, Arch. Med. Sci. source

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    Interpretationown data

    BSRPs have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of medical therapies and reverse disease progression.

    “While our findings suggest that BSRPs have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of medical therapies and reverse disease progression, the variability in study designs, sample sizes, and methodologies raises questions about the generalizability and robustness of these results.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
      “Studies have shown that BSRPs have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of medical therapies and reverse disease progression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to the World Health Organization, stress-induced chronic diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries.

    “According to the World Health Organization, stress-induced chronic diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries [1,2,3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Talarowska, 2018, Inflammatory Theory of Depression, Psychiatr. Polska source

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    • cites [2] Quintana, M., and Rivera, O. (2012). Mindfulness Training Online for Stress Reduction, A Global Measure. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2012, IOS Press.

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    • cites [3] Zannas, 2016, Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications, Neuropsychopharmacology source

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    Premiseown data

    A network enrichment analysis revealed that the most affected processes by chronic stress include the inflammatory response, chromatin remodeling, and immune cell signaling, while digestive system functions were notably downregulated.

    “A network enrichment analysis revealed that the most affected processes include the inflammatory response, chromatin remodeling, and immune cell signaling, while digestive system functions were notably downregulated.”
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    Premisecitation

    Chronic psychological stress can alter Neurexin gene expression and splicing patterns, impacting synaptic strength regulation and potentially contributing to aversive conditioning.

    “Chronic psychological stress can alter Neurexin gene expression and splicing patterns, impacting synaptic strength regulation and potentially contributing to aversive conditioning.”
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    • cites [3] Zannas, 2016, Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications, Neuropsychopharmacology source

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    • cites [9] Marin, 2011, Chronic Stress, Cognitive Functioning and Mental Health, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. source

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    • cites [31] Xiao, 2019, Association of DRD2, 5-HTTLPR, and 5-HTTVNTR Gene Polymorphisms with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Tibetan Adolescents: A Case-Control Study, Biol. Res. Nurs. source

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    • cites [44] Wang, 2020, Dietary Phytochemicals Modulate Experience-Dependent Changes in Neurexin Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in Mice after Chronic Variable Stress Exposure, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

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    • cites [46] Caspi, 2003, Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene, Science source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Immune pathways play a crucial role in the molecular mechanisms of chronic stress and may help identify potential biomarkers for early stress detection.

    “These findings suggest that immune pathways play a crucial role in the molecular mechanisms of chronic stress and may help identify potential biomarkers for early stress detection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisenone given

    Stress can diminish the efficacy of medical treatments and exacerbate health conditions.

    “Extensive research indicates that stress can diminish the efficacy of medical treatments and exacerbate health conditions.”
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    Premisecitation

    Cortisol keeps the body on high alert by providing energy through its catabolic mechanisms.

    “Cortisol keeps the body on high alert by providing energy through its catabolic mechanisms [15,56].”
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    • cites [15] Cui, 2021, Cancer and Stress: NextGen Strategies, Brain Behav. Immun. source

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    • cites [56] Thau, L., Gandhi, J., and Sharma, S. (2023). Physiology, Cortisol. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing.

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    Interpretationnone given

    BSRPs have been demonstrated to improve various psychological and physiological parameters.

    “These programs have been demonstrated to improve various psychological and physiological parameters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The 5-HTT and the COMT gene have been linked to variations in stress-related traits and disorders, including neuroticism, anxiety, and depression.

    “The 5-HTT and the COMT gene have also been linked to variations in stress-related traits and disorders, including neuroticism, anxiety, and depression [3,9,31,44,46].”
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    • cites [3] Zannas, 2016, Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications, Neuropsychopharmacology source

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    • cites [9] Marin, 2011, Chronic Stress, Cognitive Functioning and Mental Health, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. source

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    • cites [31] Xiao, 2019, Association of DRD2, 5-HTTLPR, and 5-HTTVNTR Gene Polymorphisms with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Tibetan Adolescents: A Case-Control Study, Biol. Res. Nurs. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Wang, 2020, Dietary Phytochemicals Modulate Experience-Dependent Changes in Neurexin Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in Mice after Chronic Variable Stress Exposure, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

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    • cites [46] Caspi, 2003, Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene, Science source

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    Premisenone given

    The protein-protein interaction network highlighted ten hub genes related to the T-cell receptor signaling pathway, with increased expressions of CD28, CD3e, and CD247 in stressed mice compared to controls.

    “The protein–protein interaction network highlighted ten hub genes related to the T-cell receptor signaling pathway, with increased expressions of CD28, CD3e, and CD247 in stressed mice compared to controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Prenatal stress affects the expression of over 700 genes.

    “For example, studies have shown that prenatal stress affects the expression of over 700 genes [56,57,58].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [56] Thau, L., Gandhi, J., and Sharma, S. (2023). Physiology, Cortisol. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Mychasiuk, 2011, Prenatal Stress Produces Sexually Dimorphic and Regionally Specific Changes in Gene Expression in Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Developing Rat Offspring, Dev. Neurosci. source

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    • cites [58] Pulopulos, 2020, Cortisol Response to Stress: The Role of Expectancy and Anticipatory Stress Regulation, Horm. Behav. source

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    Premisenone given

    The relaxation response counters the stress response and can be triggered by BSRPs.

    “The relaxation response (RR), which counters the stress response, can be triggered by BSRPs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    The relaxation response enhances genes associated with energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, insulin secretion, and telomere maintenance, while reducing those linked to inflammation and stress.

    “RR enhances genes associated with energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, insulin secretion, and telomere maintenance, while reducing those linked to inflammation and stress [40,60,61].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [40] Oeckinghaus, 2011, Crosstalk in NF-κB Signaling Pathways, Nat. Immunol. source

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    • cites [60] Bhasin, M.K., Dusek, J.A., Chang, B.-H., Joseph, M.G., Denninger, J.W., Fricchione, G.L., Benson, H., and Libermann, T.A. (2013). Relaxation Response Induces Temporal Transcriptome Changes in Energy Metabolism, Insulin Secretion and Inflammatory Pathways. PLoS ONE, 8. source

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    • cites [61] Jacobs, 2001, Clinical Applications of the Relaxation Response and Mind-Body Interventions, J. Altern. Complement. Med. source

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    Premisecitation

    Both novice and long-term practitioners of the relaxation response experience significant gene expression changes, with long-term practitioners showing greater effects.

    “Research indicates that both novice and long-term practitioners of RR experience significant gene expression changes, with long-term practitioners showing greater effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [40] Oeckinghaus, 2011, Crosstalk in NF-κB Signaling Pathways, Nat. Immunol. source

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    • cites [60] Bhasin, M.K., Dusek, J.A., Chang, B.-H., Joseph, M.G., Denninger, J.W., Fricchione, G.L., Benson, H., and Libermann, T.A. (2013). Relaxation Response Induces Temporal Transcriptome Changes in Energy Metabolism, Insulin Secretion and Inflammatory Pathways. PLoS ONE, 8. source

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    • cites [61] Jacobs, 2001, Clinical Applications of the Relaxation Response and Mind-Body Interventions, J. Altern. Complement. Med. source

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    Premisecitation

    Certain polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene and the SCL6A4 are linked to PTSD symptoms.

    “Certain polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene and the SCL6A4 are linked to PTSD symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [3] Zannas, 2016, Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications, Neuropsychopharmacology source

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    • cites [9] Marin, 2011, Chronic Stress, Cognitive Functioning and Mental Health, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. source

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    • cites [31] Xiao, 2019, Association of DRD2, 5-HTTLPR, and 5-HTTVNTR Gene Polymorphisms with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Tibetan Adolescents: A Case-Control Study, Biol. Res. Nurs. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Wang, 2020, Dietary Phytochemicals Modulate Experience-Dependent Changes in Neurexin Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in Mice after Chronic Variable Stress Exposure, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Caspi, 2003, Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene, Science source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Many studies assessing BSRPs rely heavily on self-reported data, which can introduce significant biases.

    “Many studies rely heavily on self-reported data, which can introduce significant biases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Chronic stress significantly alters gene expression, impacting inflammation, immune response, and tissue development.

    “Chronic stress significantly alters gene expression, impacting inflammation, immune response, and tissue development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress exacerbates inflammatory responses in midbrain microglia, suggesting a potential risk factor in the degenerative processes characteristic of Parkinson's disease.

    “Chronic stress exacerbates inflammatory responses in midbrain microglia, suggesting a potential risk factor in the degenerative processes characteristic of Parkinson’s disease.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Herrera, 2014, Chronic Stress Enhances Microglia Activation and Exacerbates Death of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons under Conditions of Inflammation, J. Neuroinflamm. source

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    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress leads to excessive glucocorticoid production, which disrupts hippocampal function.

    “Chronic stress leads to excessive glucocorticoid production, which disrupts hippocampal function—a brain region critical for learning, memory, and emotional regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Gulyaeva, 2021, Stress-Associated Molecular and Cellular Hippocampal Mechanisms Common for Epilepsy and Comorbid Depressive Disorders, Biochem. Biokhimiia source

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    Premisecitation

    NPY inhibits the sympathetic system and activates the parasympathetic system, reducing thermogenesis and facilitating nutrient digestion and storage.

    “Additionally, NPY inhibits the sympathetic system and activates the parasympathetic system, reducing thermogenesis and facilitating nutrient digestion and storage [27,66].”
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    • cites [27] Zhang, 2022, Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Candidate Biomarkers and Probable Molecular Mechanisms in Chronic Stress, Bioengineered source

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    • cites [66] Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Stress: Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc.

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    Premisecitation

    Elevated glucocorticoid levels increase the activity of MDM2 via induction of SGK1, which inhibits p53, thereby promoting tumorigenesis.

    “Elevated glucocorticoid levels, for example, increase the activity of negative regulator murine double minute 2 (MDM2) via the induction of serum-and-glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1). This process inhibits p53, a protein crucial for DNA repair, thereby promoting tumorigenesis.”
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    • cites [63] Silberman, 2003, Acute and Chronic Stress Exert Opposing Effects on Antibody Responses Associated with Changes in Stress Hormone Regulation of T-Lymphocyte Reactivity, J. Neuroimmunol. source

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    • cites [64] Dai, S., Mo, Y., Wang, Y., Xiang, B., Liao, Q., Zhou, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Xiong, W., and Li, G. (2020). Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development. Front. Oncol., 10. source

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    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress triggers an inflammatory response that fosters an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, facilitating all stages of tumorigenesis.

    “Furthermore, chronic stress triggers an inflammatory response that fosters an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, facilitating all stages of tumorigenesis.”
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    • cites [63] Silberman, 2003, Acute and Chronic Stress Exert Opposing Effects on Antibody Responses Associated with Changes in Stress Hormone Regulation of T-Lymphocyte Reactivity, J. Neuroimmunol. source

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    • cites [64] Dai, S., Mo, Y., Wang, Y., Xiang, B., Liao, Q., Zhou, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Xiong, W., and Li, G. (2020). Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development. Front. Oncol., 10. source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Genetic variation in 5HTR2C is associated with HPA axis activation and emotional stress responses, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes.

    “These findings suggest that genetic variation in 5HTR2C is associated with HPA axis activation and emotional stress responses, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes, linking the mechanisms of stress with multiple health outcomes [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Brummett, 2012, Cortisol Responses to Emotional Stress in Men: Association with a Functional Polymorphism in the 5HTR2C Gene, Biol. Psychol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Survivors of the 1957 Delaware River tanker collision experienced immediate psychological symptoms like nervousness and anxiety, along with GI complaints.

    “Survivors experienced immediate psychological symptoms like nervousness and anxiety, along with GI complaints.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Brown, G.W., and Harris, T.O. (1989). Life Events and Illness, Guilford Press.

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    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress selectively suppresses Th1 and CTL-mediated cellular immunity, reducing immune surveillance and increasing the risk of cancer invasion and metastasis.

    “Chronic stress selectively suppresses type 1 helper T-cells (Th1) and cytotoxic T-cell (CTL)-mediated cellular immunity, reducing immune surveillance and increasing the risk of cancer invasion and metastasis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [63] Silberman, 2003, Acute and Chronic Stress Exert Opposing Effects on Antibody Responses Associated with Changes in Stress Hormone Regulation of T-Lymphocyte Reactivity, J. Neuroimmunol. source

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    • cites [64] Dai, S., Mo, Y., Wang, Y., Xiang, B., Liao, Q., Zhou, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Xiong, W., and Li, G. (2020). Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development. Front. Oncol., 10. source

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    Premisecitation

    Long-term follow-up of 1957 Delaware River tanker collision survivors revealed significant psychological deterioration, with many reporting headaches, restlessness, phobic reactions, depression, sleep disturbances, and severe GI illnesses.

    “Long-term follow-up revealed a significant psychological deterioration, with many survivors reporting headaches, restlessness, phobic reactions, depression, sleep disturbances, and severe GI illnesses [67].”
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    • cites [67] Brown, G.W., and Harris, T.O. (1989). Life Events and Illness, Guilford Press.

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    SIRT1 activation involves deacetylation of multiple substrates, including FOXO1, p53, and Ku70.

    “SIRT1 activation involves the deacetylation of multiple substrates, including FOXO1, p53, and Ku70.”
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    • cites [18] Antonenko, 2020, Interaction of Bcl-Abl Oncoprotein with the Glg1 Protein in K562 Cells: Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Cytol. Genet. source

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    • cites [19] Yuan, 2012, Activation of Stress Response Gene SIRT1 by BCR-ABL Promotes Leukemogenesis, Blood source

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    • cites [20] Trifa, 2016, Among a Panel of Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress, CAT-262 C>T, GPX1 Pro198Leu and GSTP1 Ile105Val Influence the Risk of Developing BCR-ABL Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Hematol. Amst. Neth.

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    Premisenone given

    The kynurenine pathway, which leads to deficits in serotonin and melatonin, is implicated in depression.

    “The kynurenine pathway, which leads to deficits in serotonin and melatonin, is also implicated.”
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    Inflammatory markers such as MnSOD, MPO, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, along with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of depression.

    “Inflammatory markers such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase, along with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress results in neurodegeneration, loss of hippocampal neurons, and altered neurogenesis, contributing to the development of epilepsy and depressive disorders through shared molecular pathways.

    “This results in neurodegeneration, loss of hippocampal neurons, and altered neurogenesis, contributing to the development of epilepsy and depressive disorders through shared molecular pathways involving neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors [68].”
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    • cites [68] Gulyaeva, 2021, Stress-Associated Molecular and Cellular Hippocampal Mechanisms Common for Epilepsy and Comorbid Depressive Disorders, Biochem. Biokhimiia source

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    Premisecitation

    Variations in genes related to oxidative stress, such as CAT-262 C>T, GPX1 Pro198Leu, and GSTP1 Ile105Val, influence the risk of developing BCR-ABL negative myeloproliferative neoplasms.

    “Additionally, variations in genes related to oxidative stress, such as CAT-262 C>T, GPX1 Pro198Leu, and GSTP1 Ile105Val, influence the risk of developing BCR-ABL negative myeloproliferative neoplasms [18,19,20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Antonenko, 2020, Interaction of Bcl-Abl Oncoprotein with the Glg1 Protein in K562 Cells: Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Cytol. Genet. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Yuan, 2012, Activation of Stress Response Gene SIRT1 by BCR-ABL Promotes Leukemogenesis, Blood source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Trifa, 2016, Among a Panel of Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress, CAT-262 C>T, GPX1 Pro198Leu and GSTP1 Ile105Val Influence the Risk of Developing BCR-ABL Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Hematol. Amst. Neth.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress disrupts immune cell functions involved in anti-tumor immunity, inhibiting dendritic cells and lymphocytes, while enhancing tumor-supportive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages.

    “Chronic stress disrupts the critical immune cell functions involved in anti-tumor immunity, inhibiting dendritic cells and lymphocytes, while enhancing the activity of tumor-supportive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages [65].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Lei, Y., Liao, F., Tian, Y., Wang, Y., Xia, F., and Wang, J. (2023). Investigating the Crosstalk between Chronic Stress and Immune Cells: Implications for Enhanced Cancer Therapy. Front. Neurosci., 17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This sensitization may accelerate disease progression and worsen symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

    “This sensitization may accelerate disease progression and worsen symptoms, highlighting the importance of stress management in these patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Herrera, 2014, Chronic Stress Enhances Microglia Activation and Exacerbates Death of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons under Conditions of Inflammation, J. Neuroinflamm. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress enhances neuroinflammation, impairing the brain's ability to process stress.

    “It also enhances neuroinflammation, impairing the brain’s ability to process stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [63] Silberman, 2003, Acute and Chronic Stress Exert Opposing Effects on Antibody Responses Associated with Changes in Stress Hormone Regulation of T-Lymphocyte Reactivity, J. Neuroimmunol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Dai, S., Mo, Y., Wang, Y., Xiang, B., Liao, Q., Zhou, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Xiong, W., and Li, G. (2020). Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development. Front. Oncol., 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Epilepsy and depression often co-occur, particularly in temporal lobe epilepsy, linked by dysfunction in the HPA axis.

    “Epilepsy and depression often co-occur, particularly in cases of temporal lobe epilepsy, linked by dysfunction in the HPA axis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Gulyaeva, 2021, Stress-Associated Molecular and Cellular Hippocampal Mechanisms Common for Epilepsy and Comorbid Depressive Disorders, Biochem. Biokhimiia source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Effective stress management could potentially slow disease progression and enhance patients' quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

    “Effective stress management could potentially slow disease progression and enhance patients’ quality of life [69].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Herrera, 2014, Chronic Stress Enhances Microglia Activation and Exacerbates Death of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons under Conditions of Inflammation, J. Neuroinflamm. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CRH can acutely induce anorexia, while NPY stimulates CRH secretion via Y1 receptors, counter-regulating its own effects.

    “Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) can acutely induce anorexia, while NPY stimulates CRH secretion via Y1 receptors, counter-regulating its own effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Zhang, 2022, Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Candidate Biomarkers and Probable Molecular Mechanisms in Chronic Stress, Bioengineered source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Stress: Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Macrophages are central to chronic inflammation and inflammaging.

    “Macrophages, key players in innate immunity, are central to chronic inflammation and inflammaging [74].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Yegorov, Y.E., Poznyak, A.V., Nikiforov, N.G., Sobenin, I.A., and Orekhov, A.N. (2020). The Link between Chronic Stress and Accelerated Aging. Biomedicines, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Social isolation in Wdr13-deficient mice results in heightened anxiety, anhedonia, and reduced dendritic branching.

    “Social isolation in Wdr13-deficient mice results in heightened anxiety, anhedonia, and reduced dendritic branching.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mitochondria are the primary source of reactive oxygen species, and their dysfunction due to suppressed mitophagy amplifies pro-inflammatory changes specific to aging.

    “Mitochondria are the primary source of ROS, and their dysfunction due to suppressed mitophagy amplifies pro-inflammatory changes specific to aging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Yegorov, Y.E., Poznyak, A.V., Nikiforov, N.G., Sobenin, I.A., and Orekhov, A.N. (2020). The Link between Chronic Stress and Accelerated Aging. Biomedicines, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Wdr13 gene is upregulated in the hippocampus of mice exposed to stress, leading to significant behavioral and molecular changes.

    “The Wdr13 gene is upregulated in the hippocampus of mice exposed to stress, leading to significant behavioral and molecular changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In male SCID mice subjected to 14 days of restraint stress, there was increased expression of aging markers p16INK4a and p21, alongside reduced DNA damage repair capabilities.

    “In a study involving male SCID mice subjected to 14 days of restraint stress, researchers observed an increased expression of aging markers such as p16INK4a and p21, alongside reduced DNA damage repair capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [16] Rentscher, 2022, Chronic Stress Increases Transcriptomic Indicators of Biological Aging in Mouse Bone Marrow Leukocytes, Brain Behav. Immun.-Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Wang, 2022, Inhibition of USP1 Activates ER Stress through Ubi-Protein Aggregation to Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis in HCC, Cell Death Dis. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Antonenko, 2020, Inhibition of USP1, a New Partner of Bcr-Abl, Results in Decrease of Bcr-Abl Level in K562 Cells, Exp. Oncol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Coleman, 2022, USP1-Trapping Lesions as a Source of DNA Replication Stress and Genomic Instability, Nat. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Antonenko, 2016, Colocalization of USP1 and РН Domain of BcrAbl Oncoprotein in Terms of Cronic Myeloid Leukemia Cell Rearrangements, Tsitol. Genet.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Genetic studies indicate that NPSR1 and GAD1 polymorphisms may contribute to PTSD development among individuals affected by the Balkan wars in the 1990s.

    “Genetic studies indicate that NPSR1 and GAD1 polymorphisms may contribute to PTSD development among individuals affected by the Balkan wars in the 1990s.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inflammation, often termed "inflammaging", is a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state closely associated with aging and contributes to age-related pathologies including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension.

    “Inflammation, often termed “inflammaging”, is a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state that is closely associated with aging. It contributes to various age-related pathologies, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Yegorov, Y.E., Poznyak, A.V., Nikiforov, N.G., Sobenin, I.A., and Orekhov, A.N. (2020). The Link between Chronic Stress and Accelerated Aging. Biomedicines, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Polymorphisms in the 5-HTTLPR gene correlate with cognitive dysfunction in PTSD-affected individuals.

    “Similarly, polymorphisms in the 5-HTTLPR gene correlate with cognitive dysfunction in PTSD-affected individuals [33,45,48,49,50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [33] Lee, K.W., Ching, S.M., Ramachandran, V., Tusimin, M., Mohd Nordin, N., Chong, S.C., and Hoo, F.K. (2019). Association Analysis of 14 Candidate Gene Polymorphism with Depression and Stress among Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Genes, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Wingo, 2018, Expression of the PPM1F Gene Is Regulated by Stress and Associated with Anxiety and Depression, Biol. Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Ford, 2014, Emotion Regulation Moderates the Risk Associated with the 5-HTT Gene and Stress in Children, Emotion source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Tsuboi, 2011, Val1483Ile Polymorphism in the Fatty Acid Synthase Gene Was Associated with Depressive Symptoms under the Influence of Psychological Stress, J. Affect. Disord. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Wu, 2022, Correlation between 5-HTTLPR Gene Polymorphism and Cognitive Function of Traumatic Stress in Chinese Han Children, Transl. Pediatr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Studies on former child soldiers show that high personal resilience can buffer the effects of early life adverse social conditions, reducing PTSD severity and normalizing gene expression profiles.

    “Studies on former child soldiers show that high personal resilience can buffer these effects, reducing PTSD severity and normalizing gene expression profiles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lonely older adults display an increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes and higher risks for morbidity and mortality.

    “Lonely older adults display an increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes and higher risks for morbidity and mortality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Creswell, 2012, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training Reduces Loneliness and pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression in Older Adults: A Small Randomized Controlled Trial, Brain Behav. Immun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults, BSRPs effectively reduced loneliness and downregulated pro-inflammatory NF-κB-related gene expression in circulating leukocytes.

    “A study involving older adults demonstrated that BSRPs effectively reduced loneliness and downregulated pro-inflammatory NF-κB-related gene expression in circulating leukocytes [77].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Creswell, 2012, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training Reduces Loneliness and pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression in Older Adults: A Small Randomized Controlled Trial, Brain Behav. Immun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A shortened telomere length is linked to increased cancer incidence and mortality, and populations under chronic stress exhibit accelerated telomere shortening.

    “A shortened telomere length is linked to increased cancer incidence and mortality, and populations under chronic stress exhibit accelerated telomere shortening.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [75] Lengacher, 2014, Influence of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Telomerase Activity in Women with Breast Cancer (BC), Biol. Res. Nurs. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Biegler, 2012, Longitudinal Change in Telomere Length and the Chronic Stress Response in a Randomized Pilot Biobehavioral Clinical Study: Implications for Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prev. Res. Phila. Pa source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Longitudinal increases in the naive T-cell population were noted in BSRP studies, suggesting a rejuvenating effect on immune cells.

    “Longitudinal increases in the naive T-cell population were also noted, suggesting a rejuvenating effect on immune cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [75] Lengacher, 2014, Influence of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Telomerase Activity in Women with Breast Cancer (BC), Biol. Res. Nurs. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Biegler, 2012, Longitudinal Change in Telomere Length and the Chronic Stress Response in a Randomized Pilot Biobehavioral Clinical Study: Implications for Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prev. Res. Phila. Pa source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In one study, BSRPs were significantly associated with increased telomere length in CD14(+) monocytes, with similar trends observed in CD14(-) T lymphocytes.

    “In one study, BSRPs were significantly associated with increased telomere length in CD14(+) monocytes, with similar trends observed in CD14(-) T lymphocytes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [75] Lengacher, 2014, Influence of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Telomerase Activity in Women with Breast Cancer (BC), Biol. Res. Nurs. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Biegler, 2012, Longitudinal Change in Telomere Length and the Chronic Stress Response in a Randomized Pilot Biobehavioral Clinical Study: Implications for Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prev. Res. Phila. Pa source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as disengagement, avoidance, and emotional suppression, are associated with poor mental health outcomes and increased engagement in health risk behaviors, including smoking and alcohol consumption.

    “In contrast, maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as disengagement, avoidance, and emotional suppression, are associated with poor mental health outcomes and increased engagement in health risk behaviors, including smoking and alcohol consumption [78].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Algorani, E.B., and Gupta, V. (2024). Coping Mechanisms. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stressful events can trigger affective responses like worry and anxiety, altering the functions of the HPA axis and the SAM system, which can lead to poor health decisions such as decreased exercise, poor sleep, increased smoking, and alcohol consumption, ultimately increasing disease risk.

    “Stressful events can trigger affective responses like worry and anxiety, altering the functions of the HPA axis and the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary (SAM) system. This can lead to poor health decisions, such as decreased exercise, poor sleep, increased smoking, and alcohol consumption, which ultimately increase disease risk.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [79] Buhelt, 2021, Smoking and Stress in the General Population in Denmark, Tob. Prev. Cessat. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [80] Cohen, 2016, A Stage Model of Stress and Disease, Perspect. Psychol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81] Cohen, 2007, Psychological Stress and Disease, JAMA source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [82] Wynd, 1992, Relaxation Imagery Used for Stress Reduction in the Prevention of Smoking Relapse, J. Adv. Nurs. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescence is a critical period for the maturation of behavior, dopamine systems, and the HPA axis.

    “Additionally, adolescence is a critical period for the maturation of behavior, dopamine systems, and the HPA axis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [83] Burke, 2014, Stress in Adolescence and Drugs of Abuse in Rodent Models: Role of Dopamine, CRF, and HPA Axis, Psychopharmacology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Lemieux, 2016, Stress Psychobiology in the Context of Addiction Medicine: From Drugs of Abuse to Behavioral Addictions, Prog. Brain Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Williams, 2013, A Sexual Risk and Stress Reduction Intervention Designed for HIV-Positive Bisexual African American Men with Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories, Am. J. Public Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stress during adolescence can increase sensitivity to drugs of abuse and alter the final maturation of cortical dopamine, potentially through mechanisms involving D2 dopamine receptor regulation and glucocorticoid-facilitated pruning of dopamine fibers.

    “Stress during adolescence can increase sensitivity to drugs of abuse and alter the final maturation of cortical dopamine, potentially through mechanisms involving D2 dopamine receptor regulation and the glucocorticoid-facilitated pruning of dopamine fibers [83,84,85].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [83] Burke, 2014, Stress in Adolescence and Drugs of Abuse in Rodent Models: Role of Dopamine, CRF, and HPA Axis, Psychopharmacology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Lemieux, 2016, Stress Psychobiology in the Context of Addiction Medicine: From Drugs of Abuse to Behavioral Addictions, Prog. Brain Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Williams, 2013, A Sexual Risk and Stress Reduction Intervention Designed for HIV-Positive Bisexual African American Men with Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories, Am. J. Public Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These substances may directly activate microglial and astroglial cells via Toll-like receptors, contributing to neuroinflammation and the addictive process.

    “These substances may directly activate microglial and astroglial cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to neuroinflammation and the addictive process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] al’Absi, M., and Allen, A.M. (2021). Impact of Acute and Chronic Cannabis Use on Stress Response Regulation: Challenging the Belief That Cannabis Is an Effective Method for Coping. Front. Psychol., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [87] Frank, 2011, Stress- and Glucocorticoid-Induced Priming of Neuroinflammatory Responses: Potential Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Vulnerability to Drugs of Abuse, Brain Behav. Immun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, including 41,869 participants, revealed that at-risk and problem gamblers were more likely to have multiple Axis-I and Axis-II disorders than non-gamblers, with this relationship being stronger in low-stress environments.

    “Analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, which included 41,869 participants, revealed that those identified as at-risk gamblers and problem gamblers were more likely to have multiple Axis-I and Axis-II disorders than non-gamblers, with this relationship being stronger in low-stress environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [88] Hellberg, 2019, Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Grubbs, 2019, Post-Traumatic Stress and Gambling Related Cognitions: Analyses in Inpatient and Online Samples, Addict. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Ronzitti, 2018, Stress Moderates the Relationships between Problem-Gambling Severity and Specific Psychopathologies, Psychiatry Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Research on binge eating disorder highlights a strong link between stress and binge eating, with state-level stress and its negative affects correlating with binge eating episodes in both laboratory and natural settings.

    “Research on binge eating disorder highlights the strong link between stress and binge eating, with state-level stress and its negative affects correlating with binge eating episodes in both laboratory and natural settings [93,94,95,96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [93] Smith, 2008, A Pilot Study Comparing the Effects of Mindfulness-Based and Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Reduction, J. Altern. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Pickett, 2020, The Influence of Chronic Stress and Emotions on Eating Behavior Patterns and Weight among Young African American Women, West. J. Nurs. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Wang, 2022, Coronavirus Stress and Overeating: The Role of Anxiety and COVID-19 Burnout, J. Eat. Disord. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Razzoli, 2017, Stress, Overeating, and Obesity: Insights from Human Studies and Preclinical Models, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A study involving 1123 students from eight universities in Guangdong Province found a significant relationship between stress (academic, personal, and negative life events) and OSAT scores.

    “A study involving 1123 students from eight universities in Guangdong Province found a significant relationship between stress (academic, personal, and negative life events) and OSAT scores [91,92].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [91] Li, H., Ma, X., Fang, J., Liang, G., Lin, R., Liao, W., and Yang, X. (2022). Student Stress and Online Shopping Addiction Tendency among College Students in Guangdong Province, China: The Mediating Effect of the Social Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 20. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Thomas, 2024, Stress and Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder: A Scoping Review, Compr. Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotions such as interest and surprise were linked to low-fat eating, while negative emotions like anger, shyness, and guilt were associated with emotional eating.

    “Positive emotions such as interest and surprise were linked to low-fat eating, while negative emotions like anger, shyness, and guilt were associated with emotional eating.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [93] Smith, 2008, A Pilot Study Comparing the Effects of Mindfulness-Based and Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Reduction, J. Altern. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Pickett, 2020, The Influence of Chronic Stress and Emotions on Eating Behavior Patterns and Weight among Young African American Women, West. J. Nurs. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Wang, 2022, Coronavirus Stress and Overeating: The Role of Anxiety and COVID-19 Burnout, J. Eat. Disord. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Razzoli, 2017, Stress, Overeating, and Obesity: Insights from Human Studies and Preclinical Models, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Data from over 16,000 adolescents revealed an increasing trend in psychosocial stress, loneliness, and suicide ideation from 2006 to 2016, with violence being a significant contributor to stress for both boys and girls.

    “Data from over 16,000 adolescents revealed an increasing trend in psychosocial stress, loneliness, and suicide ideation from 2006 to 2016, with violence being a significant contributor to stress for both boys and girls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [102] Street, 2021, Stress Disorders and the Risk of Nonfatal Suicide Attempts in the Danish Population, J. Trauma. Stress source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [103] Gartland, 2020, Stress, Cortisol and Suicide Risk, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Soares, 2021, Violence and Psychosocial Stress: A 10-Year Time Trend Analysis, J. Affect. Disord. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Aboumrad, 2021, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide among Veterans with Prostate Cancer, Psychooncology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Wu, R., Zhu, H., Wu, M.-Y., Wang, G.-H., and Jiang, C.-L. (2022). Childhood Trauma and Suicide: The Mediating Effect of Stress and Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    This media-induced feedback loop of increasing stress affects hundreds of millions globally through the pervasive reach of mass media.

    “This phenomenon, perpetuated on a massive scale, affects hundreds of millions globally through the pervasive reach of mass media [97,98,99].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [97] Arora, 2021, Coping Strategies and Perception toward Drugs, Electronic Gadgets, and Media in Relation to Stress: A Cross-Sectional Study among Residents of a Suburban Area, Indian J. Community Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Pahayahay, 2020, What Media Helps, What Media Hurts: A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress, J. Med. Internet Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Eden, A.L., Johnson, B.K., Reinecke, L., and Grady, S.M. (2020). Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being. Front. Psychol., 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increased stress was linked to more hedonic and escapist media use, suggesting that media consumption can become a maladaptive coping strategy.

    “Increased stress was linked to more hedonic and escapist media use, suggesting that media consumption can become a maladaptive coping strategy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [97] Arora, 2021, Coping Strategies and Perception toward Drugs, Electronic Gadgets, and Media in Relation to Stress: A Cross-Sectional Study among Residents of a Suburban Area, Indian J. Community Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Pahayahay, 2020, What Media Helps, What Media Hurts: A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress, J. Med. Internet Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Eden, A.L., Johnson, B.K., Reinecke, L., and Grady, S.M. (2020). Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being. Front. Psychol., 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Chronic stress activates the HPA axis, leading to sustained cortisol release, resulting in immune dysregulation, inflammation, and neuroplasticity changes.

    “Chronic stress activates the HPA axis, leading to sustained cortisol release, resulting in immune dysregulation, inflammation, and neuroplasticity changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Research from Denmark indicated that stress disorders substantially increased the rate of suicide attempts, with significant associations observed for various types of stress disorders.

    “Research from Denmark indicated that stress disorders substantially increased the rate of suicide attempts, with significant associations observed for various types of stress disorders [102,103,104,105,106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [102] Street, 2021, Stress Disorders and the Risk of Nonfatal Suicide Attempts in the Danish Population, J. Trauma. Stress source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [103] Gartland, 2020, Stress, Cortisol and Suicide Risk, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Soares, 2021, Violence and Psychosocial Stress: A 10-Year Time Trend Analysis, J. Affect. Disord. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Aboumrad, 2021, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide among Veterans with Prostate Cancer, Psychooncology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Wu, R., Zhu, H., Wu, M.-Y., Wang, G.-H., and Jiang, C.-L. (2022). Childhood Trauma and Suicide: The Mediating Effect of Stress and Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A study of 780 students showed a positive correlation between childhood trauma, stress, sleep disturbances, and suicidal behavior.

    “A study of 780 students showed a positive correlation between childhood trauma, stress, sleep disturbances, and suicidal behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [102] Street, 2021, Stress Disorders and the Risk of Nonfatal Suicide Attempts in the Danish Population, J. Trauma. Stress source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [103] Gartland, 2020, Stress, Cortisol and Suicide Risk, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Soares, 2021, Violence and Psychosocial Stress: A 10-Year Time Trend Analysis, J. Affect. Disord. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Aboumrad, 2021, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide among Veterans with Prostate Cancer, Psychooncology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Wu, R., Zhu, H., Wu, M.-Y., Wang, G.-H., and Jiang, C.-L. (2022). Childhood Trauma and Suicide: The Mediating Effect of Stress and Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Stress is associated with higher risks of cancer, gastrointestinal issues, diabetes, neurological conditions, and mental health disorders through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.

    “This stress is associated with higher risks of cancer, gastrointestinal issues, diabetes, neurological conditions, and mental health disorders through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Medical students under examination stress exhibit reduced IL-2R-positive cells and IL-2R messenger RNA in blood leukocytes, suggesting a compromised immune function.

    “Medical students under examination stress exhibit reduced IL-2R-positive cells and IL-2R messenger RNA in blood leukocytes, suggesting a compromised immune function [21,107,108].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] Li, 2021, The Relationship between Occupational Stress, Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Mental Health of Coal Miners: The Interaction between BDNF Gene, TPH2 Gene Polymorphism and the Environment, J. Psychiatr. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [107] Glaser, 1990, Psychological Stress-Induced Modulation of Interleukin 2 Receptor Gene Expression and Interleukin 2 Production in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [108] Haghighinejad, 2022, Investigating the Impact of Modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program on Occupational Burnout and Other Mental Health Status among Nonmedical Staff in a Hospital: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Occupational stress significantly impacts mental health, with genetic interactions involving BDNF rs10835210 and TPH2 variants further increasing the risk of mental disorders.

    “The findings revealed that occupational stress significantly impacts mental health, with genetic interactions involving BDNF rs10835210 and TPH2 variants further increasing the risk of mental disorders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] Li, 2021, The Relationship between Occupational Stress, Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Mental Health of Coal Miners: The Interaction between BDNF Gene, TPH2 Gene Polymorphism and the Environment, J. Psychiatr. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [107] Glaser, 1990, Psychological Stress-Induced Modulation of Interleukin 2 Receptor Gene Expression and Interleukin 2 Production in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [108] Haghighinejad, 2022, Investigating the Impact of Modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program on Occupational Burnout and Other Mental Health Status among Nonmedical Staff in a Hospital: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nursing professionals face extraordinary stressors in the medical environment, including long work hours, emotional suffering, and complex patient care.

    “Nursing professionals face extraordinary stressors in the medical environment, including long work hours, emotional suffering, and complex patient care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [100] Kirchebner, 2022, Stress, Schizophrenia, and Violence: A Machine Learning Approach, J. Interpers. Violence source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [101] Botha, 2015, The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Programs in Reducing Stress Experienced by Nurses in Adult Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Evidence Protocol, JBI Database Syst. Rev. Implement. Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Stress promotes maladaptive coping behaviors such as substance abuse, compulsive behaviors, overeating, excessive media consumption, violence, and suicidal tendencies.

    “Additionally, it accelerates aging via inflammation and oxidative stress while also promoting maladaptive coping behaviors such as substance abuse, compulsive behaviors, overeating, excessive media consumption, violence, and suicidal tendencies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The corticosterone response to immobilization stress disappeared in control animals after 10 days but persisted in prenatally stressed animals.

    “For example, the corticosterone response to immobilization stress disappeared in control animals after 10 days but persisted in prenatally stressed animals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [39] Chalfun, 2022, Perinatal Stress and Methylation of the NR3C1 Gene in Newborns: Systematic Review, Epigenetics source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Llorente, 2002, Effect of Prenatal Stress on the Hormonal Response to Acute and Chronic Stress and on Immune Parameters in the Offspring, J. Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In mice exposed to predator odors during pregnancy, there was elevated transcript abundance of CRHR1 in the amygdala and decreased BDNF transcript abundance in the hippocampus, correlated with site-specific DNA methylation changes.

    “Specifically, there was an elevated transcript abundance of the CRHR1 in the amygdala and decreased the BDNF transcript abundance in the hippocampus, correlated with site-specific DNA methylation changes [39,112].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [39] Chalfun, 2022, Perinatal Stress and Methylation of the NR3C1 Gene in Newborns: Systematic Review, Epigenetics source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Llorente, 2002, Effect of Prenatal Stress on the Hormonal Response to Acute and Chronic Stress and on Immune Parameters in the Offspring, J. Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Research has identified over 700 genes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus that are differentially expressed following prenatal stress.

    “Research has identified over 700 genes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus that are differentially expressed following prenatal stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] St-Cyr, S., and McGowan, P.O. (2015). Programming of Stress-Related Behavior and Epigenetic Neural Gene Regulation in Mice Offspring through Maternal Exposure to Predator Odor. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Mychasiuk, 2011, Prenatal Stress Produces Sexually Dimorphic and Regionally Specific Changes in Gene Expression in Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Developing Rat Offspring, Dev. Neurosci. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prenatal stressors negatively affected pup weight, with differential impacts based on gender.

    “Prenatal stressors negatively affected pup weight, with differential impacts based on gender.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Verstraeten, 2019, Prenatal Two-Hit Stress Affects Maternal and Offspring Pregnancy Outcomes and Uterine Gene Expression in Rats: Match or Mismatch?, Biol. Reprod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Maternal stress increased gestational length variation, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and reduced gestational weight gain.

    “For instance, maternal stress increased gestational length variation, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and reduced gestational weight gain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Verstraeten, 2019, Prenatal Two-Hit Stress Affects Maternal and Offspring Pregnancy Outcomes and Uterine Gene Expression in Rats: Match or Mismatch?, Biol. Reprod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In mice, exposure to predator odors during pregnancy increased corticosterone response and altered gene expression related to stress in the offspring.

    “Also, in mice, exposure to predator odors during pregnancy increased corticosterone response and altered gene expression related to stress in the offspring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [39] Chalfun, 2022, Perinatal Stress and Methylation of the NR3C1 Gene in Newborns: Systematic Review, Epigenetics source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Llorente, 2002, Effect of Prenatal Stress on the Hormonal Response to Acute and Chronic Stress and on Immune Parameters in the Offspring, J. Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Depression is the most common mental health issue among older adults, contributing to increased medical morbidity and mortality, reduced quality of life, and elevated healthcare costs.

    “Depression is the most common mental health issue among older adults, contributing to increased medical morbidity and mortality, reduced quality of life, and elevated healthcare costs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Olsson, 1982, Sudden Death Precipitated by Psychological Stress. A Case Report, Acta Med. Scand. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Studies on law students found that genetic variability in the NPS/NPSR1 system becomes more evident under chronic stress conditions like exam preparation.

    “Similarly, studies on law students found that genetic variability in the NPS/NPSR1 system becomes more evident under chronic stress conditions like exam preparation [17,22,41,109].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [17] Kawai, 2007, Gene Expression Signature in Peripheral Blood Cells from Medical Students Exposed to Chronic Psychological Stress, Biol. Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Azadmarzabadi, 2018, Low Resilience to Stress Is Associated with Candidate Gene Expression Alterations in the Dopaminergic Signalling Pathway, Psychogeriatr. Off. J. Jpn. Psychogeriatr. Soc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Peter, 2022, The Association between Genetic Variability in the NPS/NPSR1 System and Chronic Stress Responses: A Gene-Environment-(Quasi-) Experiment, Psychoneuroendocrinology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Kurumaji, 2011, Effects of Novelty Stress on Hippocampal Gene Expression, Corticosterone and Motor Activity in Mice, Neurosci. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic social defeat (CSD) in mice reveals that while cis-regulatory mechanisms predominantly control gene expression in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, trans-regulatory mechanisms become more prominent in the amygdala under stress.

    “Chronic social defeat (CSD) in mice reveals that while cis-regulatory mechanisms predominantly control gene expression in these brain regions, trans-regulatory mechanisms become more prominent in the amygdala under stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [24] Peeters, 2014, Impact of Variation in the BDNF Gene on Social Stress Sensitivity and the Buffering Impact of Positive Emotions: Replication and Extension of a Gene-Environment Interaction, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Kim, 2023, Altered DNA Methylation of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Associated with Early Life Stress and White Matter Microalterations in Korean Patients with Panic Disorder, Neuropsychobiology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [122] Reuveni, E., Getselter, D., Oron, O., and Elliott, E. (2018). Differential Contribution of Cis and Trans Gene Transcription Regulatory Mechanisms in Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex and Modulation by Social Stress. Sci. Rep., 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle is triggered by physical, biological, and psychological stressors.

    “Similarly, bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle is triggered by physical, biological, and psychological stressors, illustrating the economic and health impacts of stress in livestock [119,120].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [119] Eitam, 2010, Differential Stress Responses among Newly Received Calves: Variations in Reductant Capacity and Hsp Gene Expression, Cell Stress Chaperones source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] Grelet, C., Vanden Dries, V., Leblois, J., Wavreille, J., Mirabito, L., Soyeurt, H., Franceschini, S., Gengler, N., Brostaux, Y., and Consortium, H. (2022). Identification of Chronic Stress Biomarkers in Dairy Cows. Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci., 16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic isolation in female rats reduced the DRD1 gene expression in the amygdala, while increasing dopamine concentration in the VTA.

    “For instance, chronic isolation in female rats reduced the DRD1 gene expression in the amygdala, while increasing dopamine concentration in the VTA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] Olsen, 2022, Mapping of Pituitary Stress-Induced Gene Regulation Connects Nrcam to Negative Emotions, iScience source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] Karailiev, 2020, Dopamine Concentrations and Dopamine Receptor Gene Expression in Emotion-Related Brain Structures of Female Adult Rats Exposed to Stress of Chronic Isolation from Weaning, Gen. Physiol. Biophys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In North America, it is estimated that 60% to 75% of individuals experience a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime.

    “In North America, it is estimated that 60% to 75% of individuals experience a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [113] Andersen, 2021, Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Experimental Pain Sensitivity and Cortisol Responses in Women with Early Life Abuse: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Psychosom. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Boyd, 2018, Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Treatment Literature and Neurobiological Evidence, J. Psychiatry Neurosci. JPN source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interpersonal trauma can lead to prolonged physiological imbalances, increased rates of illness, and early mortality.

    “Interpersonal trauma can lead to prolonged physiological imbalances, increased rates of illness, and early mortality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Bowling, 1987, Mortality after Bereavement: A Review of the Literature on Survival Periods and Factors Affecting Survival, Soc. Sci. Med. 1982

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [116] Gallegos, 2015, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction to Enhance Psychological Functioning and Improve Inflammatory Biomarkers in Trauma-Exposed Women: A Pilot Study, Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stress upregulated neuroendocrine and cytokine gene expression in dams, while offspring exhibited varied transcriptional responses depending on the specific stressors experienced.

    “Moreover, stress upregulated neuroendocrine and cytokine gene expression in dams, while offspring exhibited varied transcriptional responses depending on the specific stressors experienced [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Verstraeten, 2019, Prenatal Two-Hit Stress Affects Maternal and Offspring Pregnancy Outcomes and Uterine Gene Expression in Rats: Match or Mismatch?, Biol. Reprod. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bereavement stress significantly increases mortality rates, with studies showing that mortality rates for men rise by 40% in the first six months following the loss of a spouse, and close relatives of the deceased have a 7.9 times higher mortality rate within a year compared to a control group.

    “Bereavement stress significantly increases mortality rates, with studies showing that mortality rates for men rise by 40% in the first six months following the loss of a spouse, and close relatives of the deceased have a 7.9 times higher mortality rate within a year compared to a control group [115,116].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Bowling, 1987, Mortality after Bereavement: A Review of the Literature on Survival Periods and Factors Affecting Survival, Soc. Sci. Med. 1982

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [116] Gallegos, 2015, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction to Enhance Psychological Functioning and Improve Inflammatory Biomarkers in Trauma-Exposed Women: A Pilot Study, Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Acute stressors, such as exposure to a natural predator, significantly increase fearful and anxious behaviors in rats, accompanied by a robust activation of the amygdala and increased expression of somatostatin receptor 2 (sst2) mRNA.

    “Acute stressors, such as exposure to a natural predator, significantly increase fearful and anxious behaviors in rats, accompanied by a robust activation of the amygdala and increased expression of somatostatin receptor 2 (sst2) mRNA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [28] Cox, 2022, Effect of Chronic Restraint Stress and Western-Diet Feeding on Colonic Regulatory Gene Expression in Mice, Neurogastroenterol. Motil. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Chigr, F., Rachidi, F., Tardivel, C., Najimi, M., and Moyse, E. (2014). Modulation of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides Gene Expression in the Rat DVC and Hypothalamus by Acute Immobilization Stress. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Nanda, 2008, Predator Stress Induces Behavioral Inhibition and Amygdala Somatostatin Receptor 2 Gene Expression, Genes Brain Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Chronic restraint stress (CRS) in mice results in higher expression levels of genes like Cldn2 and Nr1h4.

    “Similarly, chronic restraint stress (CRS) in mice results in higher expression levels of genes like Cldn2 and Nr1h4, reflecting widespread changes in gene expression associated with sustained stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [28] Cox, 2022, Effect of Chronic Restraint Stress and Western-Diet Feeding on Colonic Regulatory Gene Expression in Mice, Neurogastroenterol. Motil. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Chigr, F., Rachidi, F., Tardivel, C., Najimi, M., and Moyse, E. (2014). Modulation of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides Gene Expression in the Rat DVC and Hypothalamus by Acute Immobilization Stress. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [123] Nanda, 2008, Predator Stress Induces Behavioral Inhibition and Amygdala Somatostatin Receptor 2 Gene Expression, Genes Brain Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress in dairy cows, induced by overcrowding and exposure to stressful noises, led to decreased milk production, altered activity, and increased physiological stress markers.

    “Chronic stress in dairy cows, induced by overcrowding and exposure to stressful noises, led to decreased milk production, altered activity, and increased physiological stress markers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [119] Eitam, 2010, Differential Stress Responses among Newly Received Calves: Variations in Reductant Capacity and Hsp Gene Expression, Cell Stress Chaperones source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] Grelet, C., Vanden Dries, V., Leblois, J., Wavreille, J., Mirabito, L., Soyeurt, H., Franceschini, S., Gengler, N., Brostaux, Y., and Consortium, H. (2022). Identification of Chronic Stress Biomarkers in Dairy Cows. Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci., 16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adverse early experiences alter brain structures, such as increased synapse formation and dendritic growth in the basolateral amygdala, and dendritic retraction in the hippocampus, contributing to anxiety-like behaviors.

    “These adverse experiences alter brain structures, such as increased synapse formation and dendritic growth in the basolateral amygdala, and dendritic retraction in the hippocampus, contributing to anxiety-like behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Smart, 2015, Early life trauma, depression and the glucocorticoid receptor gene—An epigenetic perspective, Psychol. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Giotakos, 2020, Neurobiology of Emotional Trauma, Psychiatr. Psychiatr.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Genetic variability in the NRCAM gene influences stress responses in humans exposed to abusive supervision.

    “Social defeat stress in male rats affected pituitary gland gene expression related to neuron morphogenesis and communication, with genetic variability in the NRCAM gene influencing stress responses in humans exposed to abusive supervision [43,121].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] Olsen, 2022, Mapping of Pituitary Stress-Induced Gene Regulation Connects Nrcam to Negative Emotions, iScience source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] Karailiev, 2020, Dopamine Concentrations and Dopamine Receptor Gene Expression in Emotion-Related Brain Structures of Female Adult Rats Exposed to Stress of Chronic Isolation from Weaning, Gen. Physiol. Biophys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Childhood abuse and neglect deregulate the developing neurobiological system, reducing resistance to stress and leading to later problems with emotional regulation.

    “Childhood abuse and neglect deregulate the developing neurobiological system, reducing resistance to stress and leading to later problems with emotional regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Smart, 2015, Early life trauma, depression and the glucocorticoid receptor gene—An epigenetic perspective, Psychol. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Giotakos, 2020, Neurobiology of Emotional Trauma, Psychiatr. Psychiatr.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women who have experienced early life abuse are particularly vulnerable, as such trauma initiates pathophysiological cascades leading to long-term maladaptive stress responses, hyperalgesia, and an increased risk of psychopathology.

    “Women who have experienced early life abuse are particularly vulnerable, as such trauma initiates pathophysiological cascades leading to long-term maladaptive stress responses, hyperalgesia, and an increased risk of psychopathology [113,114].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [113] Andersen, 2021, Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Experimental Pain Sensitivity and Cortisol Responses in Women with Early Life Abuse: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Psychosom. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] Boyd, 2018, Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Treatment Literature and Neurobiological Evidence, J. Psychiatry Neurosci. JPN source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High levels of doomscrolling are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress.

    “High levels of doomscrolling—the obsessive consumption of negative news—are associated with decreased mindfulness and increased secondary traumatic stress, while social media can alleviate stress by providing factual and positive information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [98] Pahayahay, 2020, What Media Helps, What Media Hurts: A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress, J. Med. Internet Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [140] Teutsch, J.M., Teutsch, C.K., and Julian, J. (1975). From Here to Greater Happiness or How to Change Your Life for Good!, Price/Stern/Sloan. [1st ed.].

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [141] Dam, V.A.T., Dao, N.G., Nguyen, D.C., Vu, T.M.T., Boyer, L., Auquier, P., Fond, G., Ho, R.C.M., Ho, C.S.H., and Zhang, M.W.B. (2023). Quality of Life and Mental Health of Adolescents: Relationships with Social Media Addiction, Fear of Missing out, and Stress Associated with Neglect and Negative Reactions by Online Peers. PLoS ONE, 18. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [142] Maftei, 2024, Digital Reflections: Narcissism, Stress, Social Media Addiction, and Nomophobia, J. Psychol. source

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    • cites [143] An, 2023, The Role of Job Insecurity, Social Media Exposure, and Job Stress in Predicting Anxiety Among White-Collar Employees, Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [144] Taskin, 2024, Doomscrolling and Mental Well-Being in Social Media Users: A Serial Mediation through Mindfulness and Secondary Traumatic Stress, J. Community Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The intense emotional demands and constant exposure to patient suffering contribute to chronic stress and burnout.

    “The intense emotional demands and constant exposure to patient suffering contribute to chronic stress and burnout, emphasizing the need for effective stress management strategies [126,127].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [126] Yang, 2018, Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy on Work Stress and Mental Health of Psychiatric Nurses, Psychiatr. Danub. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] Tajnia, S., Iranmanesh, S., Asadi, N., and McDermott, M. (2022). Investigating the Effect of Inquiry-Based Stress Reduction on Mortality Awareness and Interpersonal Problems among Intensive Care Unit Nurses. BMC Psychiatry, 22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease experience significant psychological stress, which negatively affects their immune response.

    “For instance, caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease experience significant psychological stress, which negatively affects their immune response.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Li, 2007, Effects of Chronic Stress and Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphisms on Antibody Response to Tetanus Vaccine in Family Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Psychosom. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Stress is an intrinsic part of many caregiving roles, whether in parenting, nursing, or providing long-term care for patients with chronic illnesses.

    “Stress is an intrinsic part of many caregiving roles, whether in parenting, nursing, or providing long-term care for patients with chronic illnesses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychiatric nurses report even higher work stress and lower mental health levels compared to their peers in other nursing specialties.

    “Psychiatric nurses report even higher work stress and lower mental health levels compared to their peers in other nursing specialties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [126] Yang, 2018, Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy on Work Stress and Mental Health of Psychiatric Nurses, Psychiatr. Danub. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] Tajnia, S., Iranmanesh, S., Asadi, N., and McDermott, M. (2022). Investigating the Effect of Inquiry-Based Stress Reduction on Mortality Awareness and Interpersonal Problems among Intensive Care Unit Nurses. BMC Psychiatry, 22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Excessive media consumption has been linked to heightened stress and negative emotional states, with individuals who consume media for over four hours daily reporting higher Perceived Stress Scale scores and lower Positive Emotion Scale scores compared to those with less media exposure.

    “Excessive media consumption has been linked to heightened stress and negative emotional states, with individuals who consume media for over four hours daily reporting higher Perceived Stress Scale scores and lower Positive Emotion Scale scores compared to those with less media exposure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [128] Peng, P., and Liao, Y. (2023). Six Addiction Components of Problematic Social Media Use in Relation to Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms: A Latent Profile Analysis and Network Analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [129] Akca, 2022, Media Use, Positive and Negative Emotions, and Stress Levels of Adults during COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Study, Int. J. Nurs. Pract. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [130] Wolfers, 2022, Social Media Use, Stress, and Coping, Curr. Opin. Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Stress from work, education, old age, prenatal conditions, traumatic events, caregiving roles, and media consumption leads to immune dysregulation, inflammation, and altered gene expression.

    “In summary, stress from work, education, old age, prenatal conditions, traumatic events, caregiving roles, and media consumption leads to immune dysregulation, inflammation, and altered gene expression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Initially, physiological changes from stress may be adaptive, but if the stressor persists and the maladaptive state continues, these changes can become detrimental.

    “Initially, these physiological changes may be adaptive, helping the body to cope with immediate threats. However, if the stressor persists and the maladaptive state continues, these changes can become detrimental.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [145] McCauley, 2013, Perception and Bias in the Processing of Compound versus Phrasal Stress: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials, Lang. Speech source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [146] McEwen, 2017, Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress, Chronic Stress Thousand Oaks Calif source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Khosrowabadi, 2018, Stress and Perception of Emotional Stimuli: Long-Term Stress Rewiring the Brain, Basic Clin. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Chronic stress-induced neural alterations may necessitate intervention, combining pharmacological treatments and behavioral therapies to restore balance and promote recovery.

    “Chronic stress-induced neural alterations may necessitate intervention, combining pharmacological treatments and behavioral therapies to restore balance and promote recovery [145,146,147].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [145] McCauley, 2013, Perception and Bias in the Processing of Compound versus Phrasal Stress: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials, Lang. Speech source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [146] McEwen, 2017, Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress, Chronic Stress Thousand Oaks Calif source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Khosrowabadi, 2018, Stress and Perception of Emotional Stimuli: Long-Term Stress Rewiring the Brain, Basic Clin. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Traumatic events and economic difficulties trigger maladaptive stress responses, increasing illness rates and mortality.

    “Traumatic events and economic difficulties trigger maladaptive stress responses, increasing illness rates and mortality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The brain plays a pivotal role in perceiving and responding to stress, acting as the primary organ that assesses threats and orchestrates both behavioral and physiological responses.

    “The brain plays a pivotal role in perceiving and responding to stress, acting as the primary organ that assesses threats and orchestrates both behavioral and physiological responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [145] McCauley, 2013, Perception and Bias in the Processing of Compound versus Phrasal Stress: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials, Lang. Speech source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [146] McEwen, 2017, Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress, Chronic Stress Thousand Oaks Calif source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Khosrowabadi, 2018, Stress and Perception of Emotional Stimuli: Long-Term Stress Rewiring the Brain, Basic Clin. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The brain's dual role facilitates adaptation (allostasis), but can also lead to pathological conditions when the system is overburdened, resulting in allostatic load or overload.

    “This dual role facilitates adaptation, a process known as allostasis, but can also lead to pathological conditions when the system is overburdened, resulting in allostatic load or overload.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [145] McCauley, 2013, Perception and Bias in the Processing of Compound versus Phrasal Stress: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials, Lang. Speech source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [146] McEwen, 2017, Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress, Chronic Stress Thousand Oaks Calif source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Khosrowabadi, 2018, Stress and Perception of Emotional Stimuli: Long-Term Stress Rewiring the Brain, Basic Clin. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent studies support the idea that expressing negative emotions can facilitate mental and physical health, while suppressing these emotions increases the susceptibility to illness.

    “Recent studies support the idea that expressing negative emotions can facilitate mental and physical health, while suppressing these emotions increases the susceptibility to illness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 9 sources checked
    • cites [78] Algorani, E.B., and Gupta, V. (2024). Coping Mechanisms. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [140] Teutsch, J.M., Teutsch, C.K., and Julian, J. (1975). From Here to Greater Happiness or How to Change Your Life for Good!, Price/Stern/Sloan. [1st ed.].

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [223] Takagi, 2004, Effects of Expression and Inhibition of Negative Emotions on Health, Mood States, and Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Japanese Mildly Depressed Undergraduates, Percept. Mot. Skills source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [332] Wiltink, 2011, Regulation of Emotions in the Community: Suppression and Reappraisal Strategies and Its Psychometric Properties, Psycho-Soc. Med.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [333] Greenberg, L.S., and Safran, J.D. (1987). Emotion in Psychotherapy: Affect, Cognition, and the Process of Change, Guilford Press.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [334] Heyman, 2020, Patient Experience and Expression of Unpleasant Emotions During Health Care Encounters, J. Patient Exp. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [335] Kohlmann, 2016, Expressive Suppression of Emotions and Overeating in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity, Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. J. Eat. Disord. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [336] Chung, 2018, Posttraumatic Stress Among Syrian Refugees: Trauma Exposure Characteristics, Trauma Centrality, and Emotional Suppression, Psychiatry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [337] Tyra, 2023, Emotion Suppression and Acute Physiological Responses to Stress in Healthy Populations: A Quantitative Review of Experimental and Correlational Investigations, Health Psychol. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mice displaying proactive behaviors in an open-field test, such as exploratory activity, showed higher fecal corticosterone levels but lower stress-induced corticosterone when singing.

    “Mice displaying proactive behaviors in an open-field test, such as exploratory activity, showed higher fecal corticosterone levels but lower stress-induced corticosterone when singing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [325] Bullack, A., Gass, C., Nater, U.M., and Kreutz, G. (2018). Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [326] Crino, 2010, Stress Coping Styles and Singing Behavior in the Short-Tailed Singing Mouse (Scotinomys Teguina), Horm. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Recoping does not address the underlying issues.

    “While it helps the body manage stress and regain balance in the short term, it does not address the underlying issues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Parents with a lower educational attainment reported higher stress and more negative views on pain management, due to misconceptions about analgesic use.

    “Parents with a lower educational attainment reported higher stress and more negative views on pain management, due to misconceptions about analgesic use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [48] Ford, 2014, Emotion Regulation Moderates the Risk Associated with the 5-HTT Gene and Stress in Children, Emotion source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [80] Cohen, 2016, A Stage Model of Stress and Disease, Perspect. Psychol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [146] McEwen, 2017, Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress, Chronic Stress Thousand Oaks Calif source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [148] Gotink, 2016, 8-Week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Induces Brain Changes Similar to Traditional Long-Term Meditation Practice—A Systematic Review, Brain Cogn. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [149] Harp, 2022, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Triggers a Long-Term Shift toward More Positive Appraisals of Emotional Ambiguity, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [150] Yan, 2021, Stress and Perception of Procedural Pain Management in Chinese Parents of Children with Cancer, J. Pain Symptom Manag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both MBSR and MBCT have shown effectiveness in reducing anxiety and depression and improving general psychological health.

    “Both methods have shown effectiveness in reducing anxiety and depression and improving general psychological health [114,331].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [114] Boyd, 2018, Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Treatment Literature and Neurobiological Evidence, J. Psychiatry Neurosci. JPN source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [331] Marchand, 2012, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, and Zen Meditation for Depression, Anxiety, Pain, and Psychological Distress, J. Psychiatr. Pract. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biological markers like cortisol and alpha-amylase did not show significant changes after singing, suggesting that the psychological benefits of singing may be more prominent than the physiological ones.

    “However, biological markers like cortisol and alpha-amylase did not show significant changes, suggesting that the psychological benefits of singing may be more prominent than the physiological ones [325,326].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [325] Bullack, A., Gass, C., Nater, U.M., and Kreutz, G. (2018). Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [326] Crino, 2010, Stress Coping Styles and Singing Behavior in the Short-Tailed Singing Mouse (Scotinomys Teguina), Horm. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Amateur choristers aged 18-85 reported an improved positive affect and social connectedness after singing.

    “This animal study aligns with human research, where amateur choristers aged 18–85 reported an improved positive affect and social connectedness after singing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [325] Bullack, A., Gass, C., Nater, U.M., and Kreutz, G. (2018). Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [326] Crino, 2010, Stress Coping Styles and Singing Behavior in the Short-Tailed Singing Mouse (Scotinomys Teguina), Horm. Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Recoping is a temporary measure.

    “However, it is important to note that recoping is a temporary measure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Practices such as meditation and mindfulness are particularly effective, as they facilitate a shift from automated subconscious processes to conscious awareness.

    “Practices such as meditation and mindfulness are particularly effective, as they facilitate a shift from automated subconscious processes to conscious awareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participants in MBSR programs often report reductions in perceived stress and improvements in psychological well-being.

    “Participants in these programs often report reductions in perceived stress and improvements in psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [222] Kornfield, 2022, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Older Individuals: Who Benefits the Most?, Adv. Mind Body Med.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [308] Klatt, 2009, Effects of Low-Dose Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR-Ld) on Working Adults, Health Educ. Behav. Off. Publ. Soc. Public Health Educ.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [331] Marchand, 2012, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, and Zen Meditation for Depression, Anxiety, Pain, and Psychological Distress, J. Psychiatr. Pract. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    All forms of refocusing are temporary solutions.

    “While reframing can be helpful in mitigating stress, it is important to recognize that all forms of refocusing are temporary solutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Re-education has emerged as a particularly effective long-term BSRP method.

    “Re-education has emerged as a particularly effective long-term BSRP method, emphasizing the transformative power of knowledge and scientific literacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Social support in Tai Chi communities contributes to a sense of belonging and holistic well-being, enhancing the practice's overall impact on health.

    “The social support found in Tai Chi communities also contributes to a sense of belonging and holistic well-being, which enhances the practice’s overall impact on health [275,343].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [275] Esch, 2007, Mind/Body Techniques for Physiological and Psychological Stress Reduction: Stress Management via Tai Chi Training—A Pilot Study, Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [343] Huston, 2016, Health Benefits of Tai Chi, Can. Fam. Physician

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    BSRPs offer a multifaceted approach to mitigating chronic stress, including re-education, refocusing, and recoping.

    “BSRPs offer a multifaceted approach to mitigating the effects of chronic stress, including re-education, which involves changing perceptions of stressors through increased knowledge and understanding; refocusing, which redirects attention to calming stimuli such as nature, music, or mindfulness practices; and recoping, which transforms unhealthy coping mechanisms into healthier alternatives.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    By challenging stressful beliefs, IBSR participants can reduce negative emotions and adopt a more balanced approach to stress, enhancing their ability to manage distressing situations.

    “By challenging these beliefs, participants can reduce negative emotions and adopt a more balanced approach to stress, enhancing their ability to manage distressing situations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [224] Smernoff, 2019, The Effects of Inquiry-Based Stress Reduction (IBSR) on Mental Health and Well-Being among a Non-Clinical Sample, Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [267] Feldman, O., Goldstien, E., Rolnik, B., Ganz, A.B., and Lev-Ari, S. (2021). Inquiry Based Stress Reduction (IBSR) Improves Overall Stuttering Experience among Adults Who Stutter: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Loving-kindness and compassion meditation are grounded in the belief that all living beings are interconnected, promoting emotional flexibility and psychological well-being.

    “These methods are grounded in the belief that all living beings are interconnected, promoting emotional flexibility and psychological well-being [344,345].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [344] Hofmann, 2011, Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation: Potential for Psychological Interventions, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [345] Hao, 2022, Imagination-Based Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation: A New Meditation Method Developed from Chinese Buddhism, J. Relig. Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ngoma has been integral to healing, conflict resolution, social bonding, and spiritual experiences across various cultures for generations.

    “Ngoma, rooted in Central and South African traditions, an indigenous rhythmic and dance ceremony, has been integral to healing, conflict resolution, social bonding, and spiritual experiences across various cultures for generations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [191] Vinesett, 2015, Therapeutic Potential of a Drum and Dance Ceremony Based on the African Ngoma Tradition, J. Altern. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [346] Vinesett, 2017, Modified African Ngoma Healing Ceremony for Stress Reduction: A Pilot Study, J. Altern. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

127 of 127

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Perception is a learnable skill.

    “Understanding that perception is a learnable skill, we can employ three strategies to manage stress:”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The brain is the primary organ that evaluates threats and coordinates both behavioral and physiological responses.

    “The brain is pivotal in this process, functioning as the primary organ that evaluates threats and coordinates both the behavioral and physiological responses.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prolonged perception of a stimulus as a threat intensifies chronic stress, leading to more severe health consequences.

    “Prolonged perception of a stimulus as a threat intensifies chronic stress, leading to more severe health consequences.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Stress can diminish the efficacy of medical treatments and exacerbate health conditions.

    “Extensive research indicates that stress can diminish the efficacy of medical treatments and exacerbate health conditions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The field of studying BSRPs is still in its early stages.

    “Despite some progress in studying BSRPs, it is important to recognize that this field is still in its early stages.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Dysregulation of stress systems impairs the body's ability to return to homeostasis, increasing vulnerability to psychiatric conditions including depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD, as well as somatic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction.

    “Over time, this dysregulation impairs the body’s ability to return to homeostasis, increasing vulnerability to a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as somatic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction (Shchaslyvyi et al., 2024).”

    From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Shchaslyvyi et al., 2024

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 351 · Cited by 73

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Brown, G.W., and Harris, T.O. (1989). Life Events and Illness, Guilford Press.
  2. Greenberg, L.S., and Safran, J.D. (1987). Emotion in Psychotherapy: Affect, Cognition, and the Process of Change, Guilford Press.
  3. Teutsch, 1974, Victimology: An Effect of Consciousness, Interpersonal Dynamics and Human Physics, Int. J. Criminol. Penol., 2, 249
  4. Kriener, 2018, [Psychosocial Stress, Stress Perception and Stress Management of Students of Social Work: A Quantitative Study], Das Gesundheitswesen, 80, S37

Authors
Shchaslyvyi, A. Y., Antonenko, S. V., & Telegeev, G. D.
Affiliations
  • National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (UA)
  • Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150, Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
Corresponding author
Shchaslyvyi, Aladdin Y.
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-08-16
Volume
21
Issue
8
Pages
1077
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph21081077
PMC
PMC11353953
OpenAlex
W4401639749
Semantic Scholar
d8c3cc6c2927c5bf9641cab57102d44c9cbc3a71
Cited by
73
References
351
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 3
FWCI
2.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords
chronic stress, stress-related disorders, stress response pathways, neuroimmune interactions, hormonal stress response, diabetes mellitus, HIV, cancer, cardiovascular disease, stress management interventions, disease progression
MeSH terms
Behavior Therapy, Chronic Disease, Humans, Stress, Psychological

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