The Limits of Disgust: Eating the Inedible During Jamestown’s Starving Time

May combine two claims.

Of the undesirable foods Percy listed as eaten during the Starving Time, the majority are present in the faunal assemblages, which supports the notion that colonists faced a period of dearth and famine in the early years of the settlement.

“Of the undesirable foods that Percy listed as being eaten during the Starving Time, the majority are present in the faunal assemblages, which supports the notion that colonists faced a period of dearth and famine in the early years of the settlement.”

May combine two claims.

Remains of mice are not present, perhaps due to the small and delicate nature of their bones, but faunal remains of the black rat are present.

“While remains of mice are not present, perhaps due to the small and delicate nature of their bones, faunal remains of the black rat are.29”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is some evidence to suggest, as Percy claimed, that colonists sought out snakes and serpents in the woods around Jamestown to eat; remains of nonpoisonous snakes and vipers were found in Starving Time assemblages, likely from Colubridae (corn and rat snakes) and more venomous cottonmouth or copperhead vipers.

“There is also some evidence to suggest, as Percy claimed, that colonists sought out snakes and serpents in the woods around Jamestown to eat.The remains of nonpoisonous snakes and vipers were found in the Starving Time assemblages, most likely deriving from species from the Colubridae family which includes corn and rat snakes, and more venomous snakes including either cottonmouth or copperhead vip”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At least fifteen dog bones were recovered, including a mandible with evidence of butchery.

“At least fifteen dog bones were recovered, including a mandible that had evidence of butchery (Figure 1).28”

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While the only references to eating dogs in the medical literature of the time appear in relation to famine and the dietary habits of non-European people, dog parts feature regularly as medicinal products.

“While the only references to eating dogs in the medical literature of the time appear in relation to famine and the dietary habits of non-European people, dog parts feature regularly as medicinal products.”

• cites [61]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 2012 archaeologists at Jamestown excavated a skeleton with signs of postmortem modification, including chop marks to the skull, close-interval cut marks indicative of sawing with a sharp knife to the mandible, and fine cuts and chops to the right tibia.

“In 2012 archeologists at Jamestown excavated a skeleton that had signs of postmortem modification.These included what looked like chop marks to the skull, close-interval cut marks, indicative of a sawing motion with a sharp knife, to the mandible, and fine cuts and chops to the right tibia.32”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the aftermath of the 1622 attack, colonists once again found themselves hungry and with little support from London.

“In the aftermath of the 1622 attack, colonists once again found themselves hungry and with little support from London.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When colonists did transgress acceptable dietary boundaries, as in the case of the wife-eating colonist, the harshest forms of punishment were enacted.

“When they did, like in the case of the wife-eating colonist, the harshest forms of punishment were enacted.”

May combine two claims.

Ideas of edibility and permissible dietary behavior in early modern England were pliable, changeable, and grounded in a social environment in which hunger and ill health were pervasive but considered preventable.

“Ideas of edibility and permissible dietary behavior were pliable, changeable, and grounded in a social environment in which hunger and ill health were pervasive but nonetheless considered preventable.”

May combine two claims.

At moments when human life was in peril, disgust for certain foods was replaced with novel approaches to hunger relief, malleable beliefs about the health benefits of particular foods, and the conviction that most people who went hungry knew the limits of acceptable dietary behavior.

“at moments when human life was in peril, disgust for certain foods was replaced with novel approaches to hunger relief, malleable beliefs about the health benefits of particular foods, and the conviction that most people who went hungry knew the limits of acceptable dietary behavior.”

• Also stated in: § The Limits of Disgust · plain

  “At moments when human life was in peril, disgust for certain foods was replaced with novel approaches to hunger relief, malleable beliefs about the health benefits of particular foods, and the conviction that most people who went hungry knew the limits of acceptable dietary behavior.”

May combine two claims.

The recalibration of disgust was deeply embedded in the blurred relationship between foods and medicines in early modern England, shaped by the regularity of hunger and famine and by English knowledge of cannibalism said to be practised by Indigenous groups of the Americas and by transgressive colonists.

“This recalibration of disgust was deeply embedded in the complex and often blurred relationship between foods and medicines in early modern England, colored by the fact that hunger and famine were a regular feature of early modern life, and tempered by English knowledge of more extreme cases of cannibalism that was said to be practised by various Indigenous groups of the Americas, as well as by tr”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Robert Appelbaum has argued that Percy, like Hore and many other Europeans writing about hunger during crises, employed a 'topos' of hunger, a sequence of gustatory depravity beginning with strange yet edible foods and moving to the most unpalatable things, including human flesh.

“Robert Appelbaum has argued that Percy, like Hore before him, and like many other Europeans writing about hunger during moments of crisis, employed a "topos" of hunger, "a sequence of gustatory depravity" that began with feeding on strange yet edible foods, before moving on to the consumption of the most "unpalatable things of all," including human flesh.22”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Percy had been governor of Virginia during the Starving Time and Smith had argued that his poor leadership and mismanagement were to blame for the dire circumstances of that winter.

“Percy had been governor of Virginia during the Starving Time and Smith had argued that his poor leadership and mismanagement were to blame for the dire circumstances of that winter.12”

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As a rhetorical device, the hunger topos may have done more than instill fear and anxiety; it may also have helped elicit sympathy for those suffering through such dire circumstances.

“As a rhetorical device, this topos may have done far more than instill fear and anxiety.It may have also, and perhaps more surprisingly, helped elicit sympathy for those suffering through such dire circumstances.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Part of the reason historians have avoided the issue of whether colonists ate the foods listed in the accounts of the period is that, until relatively recently, direct evidence of what was eaten during that winter was lacking.

“Part of the reason that historians have avoided the issue of whether colonists ate the foods listed in the accounts of the period is that, until relatively recently, direct evidence of what was eaten during that winter was lacking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Almost as soon as the English began colonial expansion in the sixteenth century, sailors and colonizers had to deal with disruption of traditional diets, incorporation of new foods, and in many cases hunger.

“Almost as soon as the English began their colonial expansion projects in the sixteenth century, sailors and colonizers had to deal with the disruption of their traditional diets, the incorporation of new foods, and in many cases, hunger.18”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The consumption of these foods could be rationalized and the reaction of disgust minimized.

“More than that, though, the consumption of these foods could be rationalized and the reaction of disgust minimized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This dietary flexibility was no different for the colonists at Jamestown.

“This dietary flexibility was no different for the colonists at Jamestown.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Robert Appelbaum has suggested that foods occupied a broad scale of edibility in the early modern period.

“Similarly, Robert Appelbaum has suggested that foods occupied a broad scale of edibility in the early modern period.”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This hunger topos, as Rachel Herrmann has argued, was a means of articulating extremity and expressing fears about potential repeat periods of dearth and hunger.

“This hunger topos, as Rachel Herrmann has argued, was a means of articulating extremity and expressing fears about potential repeat periods of dearth and hunger.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the 1530s, Richard Hore launched an expedition to Newfoundland; with dwindling provisions, the crew resorted to cannibalism to survive.

“In the 1530s, Richard Hore, a leather seller and amateur geographer, launched an expedition to Newfoundland.With dwindling provisions, the crew resorted to cannibalism to survive.”

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Cannibalism represented the limits of what human beings found excusable to eat.

“As Appelbaum and many other historians have argued, cannibalism represented the limits of what human beings found excusable to eat. 6”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hore was embroiled in a legal dispute after his failed venture, and Percy was criticized heavily for his leadership during the Starving Time.

“Hore was embroiled in a legal dispute after his failed venture, and Percy was criticized heavily for his leadership during the Starving Time.24”

• cites [24]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

William Strachey's account counteracted Percy and Smith's claims, repeating almost word for word Gates's rebuttal from fourteen years earlier.

“At around the same time, another account appeared in print, written by William Strachey who also arrived in Virginia onboard the Sea Venture, that counteracted Percy and Smith's claims, repeating, almost word for word, Gates's rebuttal from fourteen years earlier.13”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The other accounts of the Starving Time appeared much later, corresponding with a new era of instability for the Virginia colony.

“The other accounts of the Starving Time appeared much later, corresponding with a new era of instability for the Virginia colony.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These understandings did not apply to 'companionable' animals like horses who were crucial to the execution of human culture, nor to cannibalism.

“These understandings, however, did not apply to”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

David Gentilcore has argued that very few foods were condemned outright by early modern physicians, and that foods considered harmful were those difficult to categorize as flesh, fish, or fruit.

“David Gentilcore has argued that very few foods were condemned outright by early modern physicians, and that foods that were considered harmful were those that were difficult to categorize as flesh, fish, or fruit.4”

• cites [4]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rachel Herrmann has convincingly suggested that tales of cannibalism at Jamestown, whether they happened or not, significantly impacted colonial food policy.

“She has convincingly suggested that tales of cannibalism at Jamestown, whether they happened or not, significantly impacted colonial food policy.15”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The tale of hunger and desperation in the Hore account parallels those written about Jamestown decades later.

“This tale of hunger and desperation parallels those written about Jamestown decades later.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One crew member purportedly told another that the meat he was grilling was a piece of a man's buttock.

“One crew member purportedly told another sailor, when questioned what kind of meat he was grilling onshore, that "if thou wouldest needes know, the broyled meate that I had was a piece of such a mans buttocke."20”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Hakluyt's version of the Hore story, the crew ate a variety of foods to keep hunger at bay, from penguins, black bears, and polar bears to raw herbs and roots, but this proved too little to satisfy their hunger.

“In Hakluyt's version of the story the crew ate a variety of foods to keep hunger at bay, from foods they found "very good and nourishing" including penguins, black bears, and polar bears, to foods "that they were forced to seeke to relieue themselues" like raw herbs and roots.All this proved too little, however, to "satisfie their insatiable hunger."”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The recalibration of disgust, and the relationship between disgust and inedible foods, had a strong discursive function in accounts of the Starving Time: it justified the consumption of 'bad' foods during the crisis and implored those in England to ensure such a situation never reoccurred.

“It concludes by suggesting that the recalibration of disgust, and the relationship between disgust and inedible foods, had a strong discursive function in accounts of the Starving Time, justifying the consumption of "bad" foods at this moment of crisis while also imploring those back in England to ensure such a situation never reoccurred.”

May combine two claims.

The majority of the later narratives of the Starving Time highlighted the dietary desperation of those who had lived in the colony during the winter of 1609-10 and restated the claim that undesirable foods, including human flesh, had been consumed.

“The majority of these narratives highlighted the dietary desperation of those who had lived in the colony during the winter of 1609-10, restating the claim that undesirable foods, including human flesh, had been consumed.11”

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Percy continued that as famine took hold at Jamestown, 'nothing was spared to maintain life,' driving the English to dig up dead corpses out of graves and eat them.

“Percy continued that as famine took hold at Jamestown, "nothing was spared to maintain life," driving the English to "do those things which seem incredible, as to dig up dead corpse out of graves and to eat them."21”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hostilities and violent clashes between the English and the Powhatan increased from August 1609, culminating in the First Anglo-Powhatan War that continued until 1614.

“Hostilities and violent clashes between the English and the Powhatan had been increasing from August 1609, culminating in the First Anglo-Powhatan War that continued until 1614.84”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In normal times when the body was strong and healthy and more nourishing food available, eating these disease-combatting animals was unnecessary.

“In normal times when the body was strong and healthy and more nourishing food available, eating these disease-combatting animals was unnecessary.”

May combine two claims.

Both Percy and Smith described how the colonist preserved his wife's body for consumption later, with Percy claiming he salted her and Smith that he powdered her.

“Both narratives described how he preserved his wife's body for consumption later, with Percy claiming he”

• cites [91]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

His willingness to commit murder and to continue to eat human flesh beyond the immediate moment of necessity crossed the line of what was deemed acceptable dietary choices, paralleling what Europeans considered to be the 'savage' living of the Indigenous peoples of America.

“His willingness to commit murder and to continue to eat human flesh beyond the immediate moment of necessity crossed the line of what was deemed acceptable dietary choices, paralleling what Europeans considered to be the”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The other detail from Percy and Smith's accounts that may have tipped this type of cannibalism into the inexcusable was how the colonist was said to have dealt with the flesh of his now deceased wife.

“The other detail from Percy and Smith's accounts that may have tipped this type of cannibalism into the inexcusable was how the colonist was said to have dealt with the flesh of his now deceased wife.”

May combine two claims.

The belief that horsemeat was of little dietary value, together with horses being productive animals, explains why horseflesh was not commonly eaten and not condemned as a foodstuff during moments of crisis.

“Coupled with the fact that horses were productive animals, used by humans for important tasks, the belief that horsemeat was of little dietary value perhaps explains why horseflesh was not commonly eaten, but also why it was not condemned as a foodstuff during moments of crisis.”

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While they may not have provided the body with good nourishment in times of health, in times of illness they could be used to restore the body's physical and mental well-being.

“While they may not have provided the body with good nourishment in times of health, in times of illness they could be used to restore the body's physical and mental well-being.”

• cites [65]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The idea of eating a horse was not necessarily disgusting; there were just many other forms of meat that were preferable.

“The idea of eating a horse was not necessarily disgusting; there were just many other forms of meat that were preferable.”

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

John Smith claimed that the colonist killed his wife, powdered her, and had eaten part of her before it was known, for which he was executed.

“John Smith sided with Percy, claiming that”

• cites [88]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The colonist's cannibalism was neither proportionate nor necessary.

“The colonist's cannibalism, then, was neither proportionate nor necessary.”

May combine two claims.

Poverty and a concerted effort to select victims of cannibalism from outside the immediate colonial community, and from a group increasingly hostile to the English, were factors in assessing the acceptability of cannibalistic behavior.

“Poverty and a concerted effort to select victims of cannibalism from outside the immediate colonial community, and from a group that was increasingly hostile to the English, seem to have been factors in assessing the acceptability of cannibalistic behavior.85”

• cites [85]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fact that the colonist murdered and ate his wife, an intimate female relative, would have made this case even more shocking and repugnant.

“The fact that the colonist murdered and ate his wife, an intimate female relative, would have made this case even more shocking and repugnant.90”

• cites [90]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

William Kelso has argued that Jane may have been the colonist's wife who was killed and eaten.

“William Kelso has attempted to tie the discovery of Jane to this story, arguing that she may have been the colonist's wife who was killed and eaten.95”

• cites [95]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Strachey and Gates claimed that while the colonist did murder his wife, he did not eat her remains.

“These narratives, which aimed to restore public confidence in the colonial project, claimed that while the colonist did murder his wife, he did not eat her remains.”

• cites [87]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The colonist applied culinary knowledge in the form of preservation techniques to his wife's body, demonstrating an eagerness to eat human flesh again in the future.

“Not only had he committed murder, but he had also, as Robert Appelbaum has argued, applied culinary knowledge in the form of preservation techniques to his wife's body, thus demonstrating an eagerness to eat human flesh again in the future.94”

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The scarcity of the Smyth years was so lamentable that ordinary colonists were constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools, horsehides and the like, and many fed on the corpses of dead men.

“So "lamentable" was the scarcity of the Smyth years, that ordinary colonists were "constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools, horsehides, and whatnot" with "many besides" feeding on the corpses of dead men.”

• cites [101]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Food practices considered potentially harmful and immoral in times of health and plenty, such as eating human flesh, were recalibrated as necessary when normal food supplies were wanting and as practices that could heal bodies in times of starvation and illness.

“Food practices that in times of health and plenty were considered potentially harmful and immoral, like eating human flesh, were recalibrated as behaviors that were not only necessary when normal food supplies were wanting but also practices that could heal bodies in times of starvation and illness.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The specter of the Starving Time was a constant reminder of how inaction in England could have devastating consequences in the colony.

“The specter of the Starving Time was a constant reminder of how inaction in England could have devastating consequences in the colony.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

By choosing to write about eating the inedible, men like Smith and Percy appealed to a set of instincts in their readers similar to those Henry VIII had appealed to.

“By choosing to write about eating the inedible, men like Smith and Percy appealed to a set of similar instincts in their readers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Early modern English readers shared a set of instincts about eating the inedible to which writers like Smith and Percy could appeal.

May combine two claims.

Smith appeared to have sympathy for the poorer sorts who resorted to eating the body of an Indigenous man, but was far more incredulous of the story of the wife-eating colonist.

“While he appeared to have sympathy for the poorer sorts who resorted to eating the body of an Indigenous man, he was far more incredulous of the story of the wife-eating colonist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By refusing to accept the severity of the Starving Time and by obscuring the difficult yet understandable dietary choices that had been made, the administration of the Virginia Company was destined to repeat the same mistakes.

“by refusing to accept the severity of the Starving Time, and by obscuring the difficult yet understandable dietary choices that had been made, the administration of the Company was destined to repeat the same mistakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Men like Percy, whom Smith claimed hoarded food such as horsemeat for himself and the colonial elite, had through their mismanagement forced the poorer colonists to eat foods normally deemed undesirable and inedible.

“Men like Percy, who Smith claimed hoarded food like horsemeat for himself and the rest of the colonial elite, had, through their mismanagement, forced the poorer colonists to eat foods that were normally deemed undesirable and inedible.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The fact that colonists admitted eating foods that were ordinarily deemed inedible, unhealthy, and in certain circumstances, immoral, reveals more clearly why the suffering of the Starving Time was written about in the way that it was.

“Firstly, it reveals more clearly why the suffering of the Starving Time was written about in the way that it was.”

May combine two claims.

Percy, like those he had governed, survived the ordeal of the Starving Time and maintained some semblance of social order while doing so.

“He, like those he had governed, survived a terrible ordeal and maintained some semblance of social order while doing so.”

May combine two claims.

Ideas of edibility were pliable and changeable, and grounded in a social environment in which hunger and ill health were pervasive but nonetheless considered preventable.

“These ideas were pliable, changeable, and grounded in a social environment in which hunger and ill health were pervasive but nonetheless considered preventable.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

By emphasizing the suffering of poorer colonists, Smith demonstrated the selfishness of Virginia's colonial governance and the need to rethink how the colony was managed in the future.

“By emphasizing the suffering of poorer colonists, Smith demonstrated the selfishness of Virginia's colonial governance and the need to rethink how the colony was managed in the future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is possible that this example of extreme and transgressive cannibalism was included by Percy and Smith in their accounts of the Starving Time to make other examples of cannibalistic behavior, such as drinking blood and eating the flesh of recently deceased individuals, more permissible and defensible.

“It is possible that this example of extreme and transgressive cannibalism was included by the likes of Percy and Smith in their accounts of the Starving Time to make other examples of cannibalistic behavior, such as drinking blood and eating the flesh of recently deceased individuals, more permissible and defensible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The consumption of these unusual foods was documented because it likely evoked compassion and understanding from readers back in England, rather than disgust and hostility.

“The consumption of these unusual foods was documented because it likely evoked compassion and understanding from readers back in England, rather than disgust and hostility.”

May combine two claims.

Percy, by acknowledging the severity of the colonist's crime by executing him, presented himself as a tough and capable leader and drew a clear dividing line between appropriate and abhorrent dietary behavior.

“Percy, by acknowledging the severity of the colonist's crime by executing him, not only presented himself as a tough and capable leader but also drew a clear dividing line between appropriate and abhorrent dietary behavior.”

May combine two claims.

Smith used tales of eating the inedible to demonstrate his own sympathy toward those who had suffered through the Starving Time, reserving his compassion for the poorer sorts.

“Smith also used tales of eating the inedible to demonstrate his own sympathy toward those who had suffered through the Starving Time, reserving his compassion for the poorer sorts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Smith made light of the story, joking 'whether shee was better roasted, boyled or carbonado'd, I know not,' implying perhaps that this tale verged on the unbelievable.

“Although he recounted the supposed fact that the man was executed for his crime, he also made light of the story, joking”

• cites [99]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The choices taken by early English colonists may seem shocking now, but when they made the decision to eat rats, dogs, and even each other, they did so safe in the knowledge that in certain extreme circumstances these were permissible foodstuffs.

“The choices taken by early English colonists may seem shocking now, but when they made the decision to eat rats, dogs, and even each other, they did so safe in the knowledge that in certain extreme circumstances these were permissible foodstuffs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Whether discussing the consumption of undesirable foods like rats and horsemeat or the eating of human flesh to maintain life, those who wrote about the dietary decisions of the Starving Time did so from a position of permissibility and necessity.

“Whether discussing the consumption of undesirable foods like rats and horsemeat or the eating of human flesh to maintain life, those who wrote about the dietary decisions of the Starving Time did so from a position of permissibility and necessity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fact that the cannibalistic colonist is not named calls into question the accuracy of this particular story.

“The fact that the cannibalistic colonist is not named also calls into question the accuracy of this particular story.98”

• cites [98]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These were not tales of abhorrent and disgusting behavior, but stories grounded in real-life experiences that aimed to elicit sympathy from readers.

“These were not tales of abhorrent and disgusting behavior, but stories grounded in reallife experiences that aimed to elicit sympathy from readers.”

May combine two claims.

The Virginia colonists argued that it had not been their responsibility to feed themselves, and that the colony's sustenance was to come from England and from the purse of the Virginia Company.

“The colonists argued that it had not been their responsibility to feed themselves.”

• Also stated in: § The Limits of Disgust · plain

  “It was from England and from the purse of the Virginia Company that the colony's "sustenance was to come from."”

• cites [102]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the 1530s Henry VIII pitied those who had suffered so much after Hore's voyage to Newfoundland that they had resorted to eating each other.

“In the 1530s Henry VIII, in response to Hore's ill-fated voyage to Newfoundland, had pitied those who had suffered so much that they had resorted to eating each other.”