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Introduction
Open accessAbstract
But indeed most politicians, even the most ardent reformers and modernizers, have felt the imperative need to ally themselves with the revival of Buddhism and to declare their political aims as bei...
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TL;DR
This introduction argues that Buddhism has often supported ruling powers, yet it also contains radical and revolutionary currents, especially in modern encounters with socialism, Marxism, and anti-colonial politics. It frames a special issue that examines six cases across Theravada and Mahayana Asia and proposes “radical Buddhism” as a context-dependent category.
Key findings
- Buddhism’s spread often depended on royal patronage and produced models of Buddhist kingship centered on Asoka and the wheel-turning or righteous ruler, but the sangha–king relationship also contained critical tension; millenarian and Maitreya cults, along with Dharma-decline narratives, fueled peasant rebellions and restorative utopian movements.
- Premodern Buddhist-inspired revolts rarely outlasted charismatic leaders, and the text cites Weberian routinization and Keyes’s view of millennialism as transitory; from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, more organized Buddhist radicalism and socialism emerged, including U Nu’s Buddhist Socialism in Burma, Vijayavardhana’s 700-page *The Revolt in the Temple* (1956), Ambedkar’s anti-caste Buddhism, and Seno’o Girō’s Youth League (1931–1936).
- The issue defines “radical” as politically engaged and opposed to a period’s hegemonic socio-political or economic ideology; radical Buddhism may fall across the political spectrum rather than being necessarily progressive. It rejects a West-origin diffusion model in favor of autonomous histories, emic perspectives, and multiple modernities.
- The volume covers six cases over roughly the past 130 years, spanning Theravada contexts such as Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Laos and Mahayana contexts such as China, Korea, and Japan, using historical, philosophical, anthropological, textual, and cultural approaches.
Methods
- This is a conceptual and historiographical introduction to a special issue, developed by merging two conference panels from the International Association of Buddhist Studies meeting in Taiwan in 2011.
- It synthesizes secondary scholarship and selected historical examples rather than presenting new primary data or a systematic empirical analysis.
- It defines key terms such as radical, revolutionary, and Buddhist socialism, then reviews cases from Buddhist history and modern Asia to frame the volume’s contributions.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors note that many questions are raised and left unanswered; the volume examines six distinct cases, focuses mainly on the modern period, and is mainly historical in outlook, with some contributors treating the relevant diversity only superficially.
- Stated: the authors acknowledge that radical political aspects are peripheral to some referenced works and that they can only superficially address the diversity among Buddhist socialists and progressive Buddhists.
- Evident: as an introduction, the text relies on selective cases and secondary literature, so it does not offer a comprehensive or systematic test of its claims; its broad, context-dependent definition of radicalism aids comparison but also complicates fixed categorization.
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- Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Over the centuries, Buddhist ideas, figures, and cults have inspired mainly peasant rebellions and sometimes outright resistance to political and religious authority.
“over the centuries Buddhist ideas, figures, and cults have inspired (mainly peasant) rebellions and, on occasion, outright resistance to both political and religious authority.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
Throughout Buddhist history, there has been broad acceptance, even promotion, of the status quo of whatever political regime is in power.
“throughout the history of Buddhism we witness, by and large, an acceptance -if not promotion -of the status quo of whatever political regime happens to be in power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Buddhism also has radical and revolutionary sides.
“As with other world religions, Buddhism also has its 'radical' and 'revolutionary' side(s).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
In the long run, these movements were not able to question the political order itself.
“In the long run they were not able to question the political order in itself.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
Buddhist institutions and individuals have generally tended toward political quietism for much of Asian Buddhist history.
“Buddhist institutions and individuals alike have tended towards political quietism for much of Asian Buddhist history.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Throughout Buddhist history, heterodox individuals and movements have fueled opposition and resistance to power holders and regimes.
“Throughout Buddhist history, heterodox individuals and movements have fueled opposition and resistance to power holders and regimes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Millennial and restorative movements eventually lose their dynamics and undergo rationalization and routinization, especially with the death or change of leaders.
“At some point millennial and restorative movements lose their dynamics and undergo a certain rationalization and routinization (G.Verallta ¨glichung), especially with the death or change of leaders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
These movements rarely survived the death of their charismatic leaders.
“they rarely survived the death of their charismatic leaders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
The best examples of Buddhist radicalism are chiliastic and millennial uprisings centered on the cult of Maitreya.
“Perhaps the best examples can be drawn from the various forms of chiliastic and millennial uprisings centered on the cult of Maitreya”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
In early Buddhism and partly in Theravada history, an ideology of Buddhist kingship evolved that intertwined monastic order, polity, and population.
“In early Buddhism (and partially throughout the history of Therava ¯da Buddhism), we witness the evolvement of an ideology of Buddhist kingship that intertwines monastic order, polity and the population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Many millennial rebellions were guided by charismatic leaders and utopian ideas of equality, prosperity, just property distribution, and moral perfection.
“Many of these millennial rebellions were guided by charismatic leaders and by utopian ideas of equality, the coming of prosperity, just distribution of property and moral perfection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
In the Mahasammata and Cakravartin narratives, the world declines from social harmony and equal property distribution into chaos and lawlessness.
“Both in the story of King Mahasammata (described in the Buddhist 'story of creation', the Aggan ˜n ˜a Sutta) and that of the Cakravartin (Cakkavatti Sı ¯hana ¯da-Sutta), the world slips from the condition of social harmony and equal distribution of property into increasing chaos and lawlessness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
As Mahayana Buddhism entered East Asia and China, it fused with hegemonic broadly Confucian norms regarding social and political authority.
“as Maha ¯ya ¯na Buddhism entered East Asia -and China, in particular -it eventually (and fortuitously, at least in terms of guaranteeing survival in a vastly different socioreligious context) fused with hegemonic -broadly 'Confucian' -norms regarding social and political authority.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
There is ample historical documentation of Maitreya-inspired revolts in the Theravada tradition, notably in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.
“there is also ample historic documentation about the importance of the Maitreya-inspired revolts in the Therava ¯da tradition, notably in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Buddhism's conception of time and its prophecies of the decline of the Dharma and world can, in specific contexts, contribute to the development of radical movements.
“Buddhism's conception of time, and its widespread discourse on and prophecies of the decline of the Dharma and the world itself through the ages can be identified as another cultural matrix that -in specific contexts -can contribute to the evolvement of radical movements.17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
The alliance between Buddhism and state power has sometimes taken violent and militaristic forms that sustain regimes in power in Buddhist countries.
“this alliance has on occasion taken on violent and militaristic forms that sustain the rule of regimes that are in power in Buddhist countries.9”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
Early Buddhism introduced a new relationship between politics and religion.
“Early Buddhism introduced a new relationship between politics and religion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
In Buddhist Asia, the figure of Asoka has played a major role in concretizing conceptions of kingship and attitudes toward rulers and government.
“the figure of Asoka has played a major role in concretizing conceptions of kingship and general attitudes towards rulers and government'.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Branding Buddhism wholesale as a regime- and hegemony-sustaining religion is too much of a generalization.
“However, the wholesale branding of Buddhism as a regime-and hegemony-sustaining religion is obviously too much of a generalization.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Premodern forms of radicalism, whether inspired by Buddhist millennialism or by critique of Buddhist kingship, rarely had a lasting impact.
“premodern forms of radicalism -whether inspired by latent Buddhist millennialism or emerging from its imbedded critique of Buddhist kingship -rarely had a lasting impact.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Millenarian thought and devotion to Maitreya have appeared in almost every manifestation of the Buddhist tradition.
“Thomas DuBois suggests that 'millenarian thought and devotion to Maitreya have appeared in almost every manifestation of the Buddhist tradition'.15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites DuBois
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
What appears radical may be driven by a conservative or restorative ideology aiming to return to an older idealized social and religious order.
“what at first sight might seem radical may also be driven by a more conservative or 'restorative' ideology that aims at a return to an older (often idealized) social and religious order”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Buddhism and State Hegemony
Despite variation over time, the legacy of the socio-political alliance of Buddhism with hegemonic rule continues to the present.
“Although this model of Buddhist support for the state was of course subject to huge variation over time due to Buddhism's multiple localizations as a world religion, the legacy of this socio-political alliance of Buddhism with hegemonic rule continues up to the present.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Buddhist Asia's confrontation with colonialism often involved an attack on and restructuring of the traditional alliance between secular rulers and Buddhism.
“Buddhist Asia's confrontation with colonialism often involved an attack on, and a restructuring of the traditional alliance between, secular rulers and Buddhism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist History
Narratives, rituals, ideas, and practices around Maitreya worship are exemplary for comparative understanding of Buddhism's radical and revolutionary potential.
“Therefore, the narratives, rituals, and ideas and practices surrounding the worship of Maitreya in the Buddhist world are exemplary for a comparative understanding of the radical and revolutionary potential of Buddhism.16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
In some cases, the convergence of Buddhist protest movements, nationalism and anti-colonialism was coincidental.
“In some cases, the convergence of Buddhist protest movements, nationalism and anti-colonialism was more or less coincidental”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Many radical political movements instrumentalized Buddhism to win public support.
“many of these evolving radical political movements instrumentalized Buddhism in order to win public support”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Reformers in Buddhist contexts embedded their modernizing agendas into Buddhist thought.
“even the most ardent reformers felt the need to embed their modernizing agendas into Buddhist thought”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tambiah
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Radical Reinterpretations
The statement that early Buddhism actively rejected the caste system and promoted an egalitarian society has been heavily criticized.
“the statement that early Buddhism actively rejected the caste system and promoted an egalitarian society has been heavily criticized”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Buddhism and socialist movements encountered one another in a short window of historical opportunity.
“Buddhism and socialist movements encountered one another -one could say -in a short window of historical opportunity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Many members of the elite that were to rule after the end of colonialism came into direct contact with progressive ideas during their educational years.
“many members of the elite that were to rule after the end of colonialism came in direct contact with progressive ideas their educational years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Buddhism is not an exceptional case, as other modern experiments in religious socialism show.
“Of course, Buddhism is not an exceptional case, as other forms of modern experiments in religious socialism clearly show.31”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Publications on contemporary Engaged Buddhism rarely stray beyond mainstream liberal forms.
“they rarely stray beyond the mainstream, liberal forms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given§ Radical Reinterpretations
Seno'o Giro and virtually all Japanese Buddhist socialists expressed criticism of materialism within secular Marxist and communist movements.
“Seno'o Giro ¯-and indeed, virtually all Japanese Buddhist socialists -expressed criticism of 'materialism' (or at least, 'vulgar materialism') that they saw within secular Marxist and communist movements”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
In the twentieth century, particularly between the 1950s and 1970s, efforts to merge Buddhism with socialist ideas and practices occurred in practically every country with a significant Buddhist population.
“in the twentieth century, particularly between the 1950s and 1970s, one finds efforts to merge Buddhism with socialist ideas and practices in practically every country with a significant proportion of Buddhists.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
The subfield of Buddhism and politics has focused on general configuration rather than radical aspects.
“the focus has often been on the general configuration of Buddhism and politics, rather than on the potentially radical aspects of this relationship”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Resistance to colonialism in some cases brought out the radical side of Buddhism, partly inspired by independence movements leaning toward communism and socialism.
“Resistance to colonialism in some cases brought out the radical side of Buddhism, partially inspired by independence movements leaning towards communism and socialism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Radical Reinterpretations
Buddhists have reconstructed aspects of Buddhism from textual sources to legitimize their radical and revolutionary aspirations.
“Buddhists themselves have tried to reconstruct specific aspects of Buddhism (mainly from textual sources) in order to legitimize their radical and revolutionary aspirations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Sarkisyanz found that some Buryat Lamas equated the return of King Gesar and Buddhist utopia with a classless communist society.
“he found a strong association of the belief in the return of King Gesar and the coming of a Buddhist utopia, which by some Buryat Lamas was equated with the emergence of a classless communist society”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Radical Reinterpretations
Despite flexible frameworks of reinterpretation, there were limits in construction of convergence between Buddhist teachings and Marxist ideology.
“despite the flexible frameworks of reinterpretation there were also limits in the construction of convergence between Buddhist teachings and Marxist ideology”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
The postcolonial moment fostered hopes for merging tradition with modernity, aiming at indigenizing modernity.
“The postcolonial moment in Southeast Asia and other Buddhist regions of Asia fostered hopes and aspirations for a merging of 'tradition' with 'modernity', often aiming at indigenizing modernity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Leftist thought became part of transnational knowledge exchange and anti-colonial movements localized through a Buddhist lens.
“Various forms of leftist thought here became part of a transnational knowledge exchange and movements against colonialism localized through a Buddhist lens”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Radical Reinterpretations
There is significant diversity in thought and practice of Japanese Buddhist socialists and other progressive Buddhists.
“There is already significant diversity in the thought and practice of, for example, Japanese Buddhist socialists themselves -not to mention 'progressive' Buddhists working from other national, cultural and linguistic backgrounds”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
A model of cultural transmission that assumes the West as origin and Asian Buddhists as passive recipients is no longer adequate.
“a model of cultural transmission that assumes that the 'West' as the origin of these ideas and depicts Asian Buddhists as passive recipients is no longer adequate”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Radical Reinterpretations
Vijayavardhana primarily attacks Marxism's materialist conception of history and its Soviet version.
“Vijayavardhana primarily attacks Marxism's materialist conception of history and its Soviet version”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Radical Reinterpretations
The Youth League joined forces with secular socialist and labor parties to form a common front dedicated to destruction of capitalist system.
“whose Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism joined forces with secular socialist and labor parties to form a 'common front' dedicated to the destruction of the capitalist system”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Radical Reinterpretations
Japan's rapid modernization after Meiji Restoration resulted in some of the first serious attempts to conjoin Buddhism with progressive and radical political praxis.
“Japan, whose largely 'self-imposed' process of rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 resulted in some of the first serious attempts to conjoin Buddhism with progressive and radical political praxis”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
In Burma, U Nu and Thein Maung became acquainted with socialism and communism while studying in Rangoon and the United Kingdom.
“A good example is Burma, where people like soon-to-be prime minister U Nu and the intellectual Thein Maung became acquainted with socialism and communism while studying in Rangoon and in the United Kingdom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Many Sri Lankan students who studied in the United Kingdom were heavily influenced by Harold Laski's lectures on Marx and later became influential in post-independence Sri Lanka.
“Similarly, many Sri Lankan students who went to study in the United Kingdom were heavily influenced by Harold Laski's lectures on Marx and later became influential figures in post-independence Sri Lanka.32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
After seizing power, these movements frequently discriminated against Buddhism as 'opium of the people'.
“laterafter the seizure of power -they frequently discriminated against Buddhism as an 'opium of the people'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
Many works on politics of Asian Buddhism focused on conservative regimes.
“many of these have focused on specific cases of Buddhist individuals and institutions that have supported conservative political regimes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist Socialism
After WWII, Buddhism was often used as a political resource.
“after World War II, Buddhism was often used as a political resource”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ Radical Reinterpretations
Buddhists proposing such views were aware that not all aspects of radical ideologies were compatible with their reinterpretation of Buddhism.
“Buddhists proposing such views were also aware of the fact that not all aspects of radical ideologies were compatible with their reinterpretation of Buddhism”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Radical ReinterpretationsDuring the liberation struggle in Laos, monks aligned with communist forces argued that Buddha's rejection of caste system was an attack on feudal society and class system.
“During the 'liberation struggle against American oppression' in the 1960s and 1970s, the monks aligned with the Lao communist forces argued that the Buddha's rejection of the caste system should be understood as an attack on feudal society and the oppressive class system”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Buddhism and State HegemonyDebates over the Japanese imperial court's acceptance of Buddhism in the mid-sixth century CE were based entirely on whether imported teachings and artifacts could protect and preserve the realm and the court's power and status.
“The debates and disputes surrounding the acceptance of Buddhism on the part of the Japanese imperial court in the mid-sixth century CE were based entirely on whether or not these imported teachings and artifacts could help protect and preserve the 'realm'; i.e., the power and status of the still-emerging imperial court.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Buddhism and State HegemonyBy embedding its teachings in statecraft, Buddhism gave ideological support to concepts of rule and often sustained the hegemony of ruling elites.
“By embedding its teachings into statecraft, Buddhism was able to give ideological support to concepts of rule and therefore often sustained the hegemony of ruling elites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisereasoning§ Buddhism and State HegemonySeveral Mahayana sutras, particularly the Lotus Sutra, were invoked as talismans for protecting the realm because of their claims to authority.
“Several of the Maha ¯ya ¯na sutras, but particularly the Lotus Sutra, due to its grandiose claims to authority, were invoked as talismans for protecting the realm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Buddhism and State HegemonyThe sociopolitical landscape in which Buddhism evolved supported political centralization, alliances with rulers, and social stratification.
“The sociopolitical landscape in which Buddhism evolved was also supportive of political centralization, alliances with rulers and social stratification.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismBecause Buddhist traditions are deeply embedded in Asian cultures and nations, Buddhists were directly affected by Marxist and related ideas.
“Given how deeply embedded are Buddhist traditions in various cultures and nations throughout Asia, it comes as no surprise that Buddhists, too, were directly affected by Marxist and related ideas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Buddhism and State HegemonyBuddhism's spread as a world religion often depended on cooperation with and patronage by powerful rulers.
“Buddhism's spread and propagation as a 'world religion' was often dependent on cooperation with -and patronage by -powerful rulers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Buddhism and State HegemonyBuddhism presents itself as a product of urban development, urban kingship, and city nobles, and the Buddha's message appealed especially to town-dwellers and new social classes.
“Richard Gombrich notes that 'Buddhism presents itself as the product of the time of urban development, of urban kingship and the city nobles' and proposes 'that the Buddha's message appealed especially to town-dwellers and the new social classes'.6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gombrich
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryIn Pali Buddhism, texts from all periods critically view kingship, pairing kings with thieves and natural forces as bringers of danger and ruin.
“Steven Collins states that in relation to Pali Buddhism: 'it is easy to find texts from all periods which take a critical view of kingship.Kings are paired with thieves, along with natural forces such as fire and water, as phenomena which can bring danger and ruin'.21”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Collins
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Buddhism and State HegemonyThe Lotus Sutra has had more impact on East Asian Buddhists than any other text.
“the best example of a 'politicized' text within East Asia is the text that has had more impact on East Asian Buddhists than any other: the Lotus Sutra”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryIn early Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism, there is both cooperation between monarch and sangha and tension.
“In early Buddhism and Therava ¯da Buddhism we find not only cooperation between monarch and sangha (the 'two wheels of the dhamma'), but also tension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismMarxist theory defined revolution as a rapid but long-lasting fundamental transformation of the state and social structure, aiming to institute new power relations continuously.
“Marxist theory defined revolution as a rapid, but long-lasting fundamental transformation of the state and social structure with the aim of instituting these new power relations on a continuous basis.26”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dunn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismBeginning in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, more concerted and ideologically grounded forms of political radicalism emerged in Asia.
“Beginning in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, we witness the emergence of more concerted and ideologically grounded forms of political radicalism in Asia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismThe meeting of political oppositional activism and Buddhism was often rooted in colonial contexts and other situations of strong power imbalances, economic inequality, and hegemony.
“The meeting of political, oppositional activism and Buddhism was in many cases rooted in the colonial context and other political situations marked by strong power imbalances, economic inequality and hegemony.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismThe public interaction between communism and religion has usually been perceived as mutual antagonism, but voluntary, intentional, and sometimes synergetic interaction between Buddhism and Marxism has often been overlooked.
“the public interaction between communism and religion has usually been perceived (with justification) as being marked by mutual antagonism, the other side of this interaction -namely the voluntary, intentional and at times synergetic interaction of Buddhism and various forms of Marxism -has often been overlooked.27”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The public interaction between communism and religion is usually perceived as mutual antagonism.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryThe sangha depended on royal patronage, but monks' asceticism and moral purity, from which kings draw power, can also be a means of critique.
“The sangha was dependent on the patronage of Buddhist kings, but monks' asceticism and moral purityfrom which kings draw their power -can also be a means of critique.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone given§ Buddhism and State HegemonyThe ideological blueprint for Buddhist statecraft and its cosmic conceptions is the Mauryan king Asoka.
“The ideological blueprint for Buddhist statecraft and its basic cosmic conceptions is the Mauryan king As ´oka (304 -232 BCE)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryMannheim distinguishes ideology, perpetuated by dominant groups, from utopia, linked to the oppressed and their efforts to counter the dominant ideology.
“Karl Mannheim proposes a distinction between ideology and utopia, in which ideology is perpetuated by dominant groups while utopia is largely linked to the oppressed and their efforts to counter the dominant ideology.20”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mannheim
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryBuddhist millenarianism is a branch of utopianism.
“Thomas DuBois even suggests that Buddhist millenarianism 'is a branch of utopianism'.19”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites DuBois
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryCharisma is inherently unstable, ephemeral, and bound to a specific person.
“As Max Weber suggested in his classical analysis of charisma as a form of power, charisma is inherently unstable, ephemeral and bound to a specific person.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Weber
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Buddhism and State HegemonyKingship evolves as a social contract, and righteous rule is supposed to ensure stability, prosperity, and the spread of the dhamma.
“Kingship so to say evolves as a social contract; i.e., the righteous rule of a king is supposed to ensure stability, prosperity and the spreading of the Buddhist dhamma.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Buddhism and State HegemonyThe king as Cakravartin or Dharmaraja sustains his rule with the sangha's support, which is supposed to produce proper moral conduct among subjects.
“The king as Cakravartin or Dharmara ¯ja sustains his (ideally righteous and dhammic) rule with the support of the sangha, and this in turn is supposed to constitute proper moral conduct among subjects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryFor Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism, despite tension between monarchs and monks in the premodern period, the Asokan model for Buddhist polities was not fundamentally challenged until colonial expansion from the late eighteenth century.
“for the case of Southeast Asian Therava ¯da Buddhism 'despite the fundamental tension between monarchs and monks in the premodern period, the Asokan model for Buddhist polities was not fundamentally challenged until the expansion of colonial power from the late eighteenth century on'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Keyes
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radicalism and Revolution in Buddhist HistoryMillennialism as a religion is invariably a transitory phenomenon.
“Charles Keyes therefore proposes that 'millennialism as a religion is invariably a transitory phenomenon'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Keyes
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsRichard Gombrich states that by the time of the Buddha there was a milieu of renouncers, a counter-culture struggling with Brahmanical ideology.
“Richard Gombrich partially sustains this argument historically and states 'that by the time of the Buddha, there was already a whole milieu of renouncers, a kind of counter-culture with which Brahmanical ideology was struggling to come to terms'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsU Nu distanced himself from materialist notions of Marxism and declared Buddha's wisdom superior to communist ideology.
“U Nu also distanced himself from some of the more materialist notions of Marxism and declared that despite the importance of Marxism, the Buddha's wisdom was to be considered superior to communist ideology”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsThe Buddha is frequently depicted as a radical revolutionary opposed to the Brahmanic mainstream.
“The Buddha is here frequently depicted as a radical revolutionary, opposed the Brahmanic mainstream”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Radical ReinterpretationsIn these interpretations, Marxism is embedded into the cosmology of reincarnation and a historical continuum of bodhisattvas.
“Here, Marxism is embedded into the cosmology of reincarnation and into a historical continuum that is marked by numerous appearances of different bodhisattvas through the ages”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsSuffering (dukkha) was interpreted in Marxian terms as suffering of oppressed, lower-caste people, or working class/peasants.
“Suffering (dukkha) was here interpreted in Marxian terms as the suffering of the oppressed, lower-caste people; or when transposed to modern times, the working class or peasants”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsA popular argument used by Buddhists to point to convergence is the alleged opposition of the Buddha to the caste system.
“Another popular argument used by Buddhists to point to the convergence of Buddhism, socialism and radical social reform is the alleged opposition of the Buddha to the caste system”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Radical ReinterpretationsThe term 'socialism' is frequently employed as though it had an accepted definition, but this is not so.
“the term is frequently employed by advocates, critics, and scholars alike as though it had an accepted definition upon which all agree.This is clearly not so”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismAlmost 50 years before the Dalai Lama's statement, Burma's Prime Minister U Nu launched a public campaign to transform Burmese society through what he called Buddhist Socialism.
“Almost 50 years before the Dalai Lama confessed that he belongs to the 'Marxist camp', Burma's Prime Minister U Nu (1907 -1995) launched a public campaign to transform Burmese society through the introduction of what he labeled 'Buddhist Socialism'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismIn some extreme cases, devastation of monasteries and mass killings occurred.
“resulted in some extreme cases in devastation of monasteries and mass killings”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Radical ReinterpretationsSome movements presented the Buddha as a revolutionary opposing the caste system and promoting social justice.
“Some of these movements presented the Buddha himself as a kind of revolutionary, opposing the caste system and promoting social justice”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsSome movements present the sangha as an Ur-communist community with democratic assemblies and equal distribution of property.
“movements that present the sangha as an Ur-communist community with democratic assemblies based on the equal distribution of property”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsThe most significant early examples of radical Buddhism in Japan were Takagi Kenmyo and Uchiyama Gudo, both arrested in 1910.
“The most significant early examples of 'radical Buddhism' in Japan were Shin sect priest Takagi Kenmyo ¯(1864 -1914) and So ¯to ¯Zen priest Uchiyama Gudo ¯(1874 -1911), both of whom were arrested in 1910”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsThe League was established in Tokyo in April 1931 and survived five years before being crushed in 1936.
“Established in Tokyo in April 1931, Seno'o's Youth League would survive for five years before being crushed in the widespread crackdown against leftist activists in 1936”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Radical ReinterpretationsThe term 'socialism' can mean different things to different people in different contexts.
“socialism can mean different things to different people in different contexts and situations”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsSarkisyanz states that it was a frequent claim of Soviet Buryat modernist Lamaism and some Buryat Communists in the 1920s that Buddha was a predecessor of Lenin.
“Sarkisyanz, for example, states 'that Buddha was a predecessor of Lenin was a frequent claim of Soviet Buryat modernist Lamaism and even of some Buryat Communists in the 1920s'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Radical ReinterpretationsWhat might look like distorted images of Buddhism may expose deeply embedded religious features of seemingly secular political movements.
“what one the one hand might look like distorted and worldly images of Buddhism may, upon a second look, expose deeply embedded religious features of only seemingly secular political movements”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsBy the 1920s, anarchism had given way to Marxism as dominant trend within Japanese left, and Buddhist socialism found new locus in Seno'o Giro and his Youth League.
“By the 1920s, anarchism had given way to Marxism as the dominant trend within the Japanese left, and Buddhist socialism found a new locus in the life and work of figures such as Seno'o Giro ¯(1889 -1961)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismSarkisyanz's work used Burma under U Nu to show how socialism could be connected to Buddhist teachings in postcolonial Cold War context.
“the work used the specific case of Burma under U Nu to show how radical political ideologies such as socialism could be connected to Buddhist teachings and concepts of rule in a postcolonial Cold War context”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sarkisyanz
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Radical ReinterpretationsThese novel readings are based on selective and often historically disputable arguments.
“these novel readings are based on selective and often historically disputable arguments”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Radical ReinterpretationsDavid-Neel observed a congruence between Buddhist utopia (return of King Gesar) and communist ideas of revolution.
“David-Ne ´el observed a certain congruence between ideas of Buddhist utopia exemplified in the promised return of King Gesar and communist ideas of the revolution”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Radical ReinterpretationsThe anti-brahmanical tone in early Buddhist texts inspired this interpretation.
“No doubt the anti-brahmanical tone one often finds in early Buddhist texts inspired this interpretation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Radical ReinterpretationsThese novel readings enabled Buddhists to promote radical Buddhism and actualize Buddhism as a living and politically relevant tradition.
“they enabled Buddhists to comment upon social developments, aspire for social change and promote forms of radical Buddhism in order to thereby actualize Buddhism as a living and politically relevant tradition”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Modern Buddhist Radicalism and Buddhist SocialismIn Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Sri Lanka, various forms of Buddhist socialism were promoted, especially in the postcolonial phase.
“In Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Sri Lanka, various forms of Buddhist socialism were promoted, especially in the postcolonial phase.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Radical ReinterpretationsEven in the West, socialism has experienced a century and a half of sectarian schism.
“Even in the West, socialism, again, like Buddhism or any major religion, has experienced a century and a half of 'sectarian' schism”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The public interaction between communism and religion is usually perceived as mutual antagonism.
“the public interaction between communism and religion has usually been perceived (with justification) as being marked by mutual antagonism”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most rulers in Buddhist countries have been far from the Asokan ideal.
“Obviously, most rulers were and are a far cry from the As ´okan ideal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The historical examples of Buddhist socialism in different countries are representative of a broader pattern of Buddhist-socialist interaction.
“one finds efforts to merge Buddhism with socialist ideas and practices in practically every country with a significant proportion of Buddhists.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The area of Buddhist modernism concerning radical Buddhism has been neglected in prior research.
“By examining the individuals (monks, scholars, and laypeople) and movements (both inside and outside the sangha) responsible for the creation and promotion of radical Buddhism, this volume deals with an area of Buddhist modernism that has hitherto been neglected in research.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Radical Buddhists' views and activities can occupy any position on the political spectrum, though they usually lean toward the extremes.
“Again, this does not mean that these 'radical' Buddhists necessarily hold views that we would call 'progressive'; the views and activities of radical Buddhists may fall all over the political spectrum, though they tend towards the extremes, for obvious reasons.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Recently, self-immolation as a radical Buddhist practice has regained attention in the context of Tibetan resist- ance against Chinese political repression. On Vietnamese self-immolations and their political significance, see Ellen Hammer, A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). Recent self-immolations in Tibet are excellently analyzed by Carole McGranahan and Ralph Litzinger (eds), Self-Immolation as Protest in Tibet, Special Issue of Cultural Anthropology,. http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/ 93-self-immolation-as-protest-in-tibet, 2012, accessed 12 January 2014.
- 36 One notable exception to the lack of scholarship on the topic is the unpublished doctoral thesis of Eugene Ford, Cold War Monks: An International History of Buddhism, Politics and Regionalism in Thailand and Southeast Asia, 1941-1976 (Yale University, 2012).
- For a critical textual analysis of assemblies in the Pali canon, and the question of whether the early monastic community can be understood as an ideal society, see Collins, op. cit., pp. 436 ff. In relation to property rights, there are many cases in which the monastic order was also in the possession of large lands acquired through donations; see, e.g., Gombrich, op. cit., pp. 161 ff. Michael Aung-Thwin, 'The Role of Sasana Reform in Burmese History: Economic Dimensions of Religious Purification', Journal of Asian Studies, 38:4 (1979), even speaks of monastic landlordism (pp. 671-688). The work of Gregory Schopen on early Indian Buddhism has shown that Buddhism and business were much more closely associated than Western orientalists and native revi- talizers have tended to believe; see, e.g., his Buddhist Monks and Business Matters (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2004).
- D. C. Vijayavardhana, The Revolt in the Temple (Colombo: Sinha Publications, 1956), p. 603. 53 Ibid., pp. 596-597.
- On Ambedkar's understanding of Buddhism and his efforts to merge it with radical anti-caste politics and social- ism see, e.g., Surendra Jondhale and Johannes Beltz (eds), Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004).
- See Aakash S. Rathore, 'What can Buddha Teach a Marxist?' in Bhalchandra Mugekar and Aakash S. Rathore (eds)Buddhism and the Contemporary World: An Ambedkarian Perspective (New Delhi: Bookwell, 2007). pp. 97-106.
- For more on Seno'o and the Youth League, see James Mark Shields, 'A Blueprint for Buddhist Revolution: The Radical Buddhism of Seno'o Giro ¯(1889-1961) and the Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism', Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 39:2 (2012), pp. 333 -351.
- For U Nu's Marxist education see Richard Butwell, U Nu of Burma (Stanford: Stanford, 1963). For his later cri- tique of Marxism see Hugh Tinker, The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 169. 65 Political theology in relation to monotheistic religions has gained popularity in recent years. Going back to Carl Schmitt's dictum that 'all significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological con- cepts', theories associated with this term try to uncover the religious foundations of seemingly secular political movements. See Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (University of Chicago Press, 2004), p.
- Jan Assmann, Herrschaft und Heil: Politische Theologie in Alta ¨gypten, Israel und Europa (Munich: Carl Hanser, 2000). See also Hent de De Vries and Lawrence Sullivan (eds), Political Theologies: Public Religions in a Post- Secular World (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006). the International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Kyoto, Japan, 2013 -14). He conducts research on modern Buddhist thought, Japanese philosophy, and comparative ethics. In addition to various published articles and translations, he is author of Critical Buddhism: Engaging with Modern Japanese Buddhist Thought (Ashgate, 2011), and is currently completing a monograph on progressive and radical Buddhism in Japan.
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“Within the broader and highly diverse Buddhist community, it appears the Dalai Lama fits the definition of “radical Buddhist” proposed by Ladwig and Shields (2014) – a Buddhist who takes a position that is “politically engaged and in opposition to the hegemonic socio-political and/or economic…”
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(2017) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)
Metadata
- Authors
- Ladwig, P., & Shields, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Bucknell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ladwig, Patrice
- ORCID
- Shields, James Mark
- Venue
- Politics, Religion & Ideology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-03-26
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 187-204
- ISSN
- 1469-0764 (ISSN-L)
- 2156-7689
- 2156-7697
- OpenAlex
- W1239158902
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 13.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Politics Religion & Ideology (publishedVersion)
- Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Keywords
- Buddhism, political use of religion, religion and politics, modernization, reformers
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