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Cited by 28Plant Pathogens and Fungal DiseasesFungal Plant Pathogen ControlPlant Disease Management Techniques

Effects of anthracnose disease on avocado production in Kenya

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Kimaru, K. S, Muchemi, K. P, Mwangi, J. W·2020·Cogent Food & Agriculture
DOI 10.1080/23311932.2020.1799531
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Abstract

Avocado production has increased exponentially over the years worldwide. This has been necessitated by the various uses of avocado fruits other than as a source of nutrients which includes pharmaceutical, cosmetic and oil industries. These various uses of avocado have resulted to improved livelihood in terms of income generation. Increased avocado production worldwide has been at the expense of other tree and food crops. In Kenya, it is attributed to decreased acreage of key cash crops such as coffee and tea as well as staple food crops such as maize and beans. Avocado production, however, has been faced by several constraints such as poor rootstalks, diseases, pests, abiotic factors, poor harvesting technology, poor handling of harvested fruits and post-harvest diseases. All these challenges lead to poor fruit quality at the market both local and export market leading to losses economically. Of major concern is anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum boninense, Pestalotiopsis microspora both in the field and after harvest. The disease is associated with 60% losses as a result of abortion of fruits in the field and post-harvest rots. Limited studies on the the interaction of the causal agents, the disease cycle and its epidemiology in Kenya, has rendered disease management impractical. Control of this disease has been through pruning and sorting of the diseased fruits. However, majority of the farmers do not apply any control measures. Furthermore, the use of chemical control has been limited due to a lack of available fungicides registered for use in Kenya. Fruit rots and quality issues due to black spots has affected the marketability of avocado fruits in the export market mainly EU market. Due to this, the avocado farmer in Kenya has been receiving low returns from their avocado export. Further understanding of the anthracnose disease epidemiology, virulence and genetic variation of the causal agent and the sensitivity of the causal agent to available fungicides will enhance the effectiveness of the anthracnose disease management, resulting in improved avocado productivity.

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  • Synthetic fungicides used to manage anthracnose are considered non-sustainable because of negative environmental and consumer-health impacts.

    “their application is considered non-sustainable due to their negative impact on the environment and consumer health (Kimaru et al. 2020;Mpeluza et al. 2023).”

    From Antifungal Potential of Chitosan and Phenyllactic Acid against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose Pathogen in Avocados (2025) · cites this paper as Kimaru et al. 2020

    Section 11 (Chemical control) says fungicides can contaminate soil and water and that pesticide residues raise concerns for human health and the environment. It explicitly calls fungicide use unsustainable because resistant fungal strains develop, however, rather than attributing that judgment specifically to environmental and consumer-health impacts. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kimaru, K. S., Muchemi, K. P., & Mwangi, J. W.
Affiliations
  • Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
  • Kenyatta University (KE)
ORCID
Venue
Cogent Food & Agriculture
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2020-01-01
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
1799531
ISSN
2331-1932 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1080/23311932.2020.1799531
OpenAlex
W3046949117
Cited by
28
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cogent Food & Agriculture (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
No external funding
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Disease Management Techniques
Keywords
avocado, anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum boninense, Pestalotiopsis microspora, fruit abortion, disease epidemiology, fungicide sensitivity, disease management, Kenya

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