The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fear-Arousing Persuasive Messages
Abstract
(1984). Fear-Arousing Persuasive Messages. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 330-375.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Specifically, each prior meta-analysis has only tested theories relevant to the message portion of our framework, and thus was only able to address a limited set of questions pertaining to fear appeal effectiveness”
From Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories (2015) · cites this paper as Boster & Mongeau, 1984
Citations
Cites
A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1
Rogers, R. W. (1975) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 · Cited by 6,805
Meta-analysis in social research
(1982) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(82)90011-8 · Cited by 3,896
Findings and Theory in the Study of Fear Communications
Leventhal, H. (1970) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60091-x · Cited by 1,339
Feldman, J. M., Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Jackson, G. B. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258247 · Cited by 1,203
Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system.
Cohen, J. (1968) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0026714 · Cited by 1,090
Effects of fear-arousing communications.
Janis, I. L., & Feshbach, S. (1953) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060732 · Cited by 918
Combining results of independent studies.
Rosenthal, R. (1978) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.185 · Cited by 910
Meta-Analysis: Cumulating Research Findings across Studies
Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Jackson, G. B. (1986) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.2307/1175263 · Cited by 792
Effects of fear and specificity of recommendation upon attitudes and behavior.
Leventhal, H., Singer, R., & Jones, S. E. (1965) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022089 · Cited by 634
Rogers, R. W., & Mewborn, C. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.34.1.54 · Cited by 456
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Copi, I. M. (1967). Symbolic logic (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
- Janis, I. L. & Leventhal, H. (1968). Human reactions to stress. In E. Borgatta & W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research. Chicago: RandMcNally.
- Mainord, W. A (1956). Experimental repression related to coping and avoidance behavior in the recall and releaming of nonsense syllables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.
- McGuire, W.J. (1968). Personality and susceptibility to social influence. In E. Borgatta & W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 271
Zhao, X., Roditis, M. L., & Alexander, T. N. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.033 · Cited by 50
The Utility of Understanding Adolescent Egocentrism in Designing Health Promotion Messages
Greene, K. L., Rubin, D. L., Hale, J. L., & Walters, L. H. (1996) · Health Communication · doi:10.1207/s15327027hc0802_2 · Cited by 50
Applying Persuasion Strategies to Alter HIV-Relevant Thoughts and Behavior
Devos‐Comby, L., & Salovey, P. (2002) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.3.287 · Cited by 49
Using fear appeals to promote cancer screening—are we scaring the wrong people?
Jones, S. C., & Owen, N. G. (2006) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.48 · Cited by 48
Kollamparambil, U., Oyenubi, A., & Nwosu, C. O. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12196-4 · Cited by 47
Threat Appeals: The Fear–Persuasion Relationship is Linear and Curvilinear
Dillard, J. P., Li, R., & Huang, Y. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1220345 · Cited by 47
Health Belief Model: Evaluating Marketing Promotion in a Public Vaccination Program
D’Souza, C., Zyngier, S. M., Robinson, P. M., Schlotterlein, M., & Mort, G. S. (2011) · Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing · doi:10.1080/10495142.2011.572668 · Cited by 47
Testing a model of message sidedness: Three replications
Allen, M. R., Hale, J. L., Mongeau, P. A., Berkowitz, S. J., Stafford, S., Shanahan, W., Agee, P., Dillon, K., Jackson, R., & Ray, C. (1990) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759009376203 · Cited by 46
Self-citationJäger, T., & Eisend, M. (2013) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2013.754718 · Cited by 45
The Legitimization of Paltry Favors Effect: A Review and Meta-Analysis
Andrews, K. R., Carpenter, C. J., Shaw, A. S., & Boster, F. J. (2008) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934210802305028 · Cited by 45
Self-citationUnderstanding persuasive elements in phishing e-mails
Kim, D., & Kim, J. H. (2013) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-03-2012-0037 · Cited by 44
Keller, P. A., & Block, L. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.5.3.302 · Cited by 46
Predictors of Home Radon Testing and Implications for Testing Promotion Programs
Sandman, P. M., & Weinstein, N. D. (1993) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019819302000408 · Cited by 43
The effect of disgust‐eliciting visuals on attitudes toward animal experimentation
Nabi, R. L. (1998) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379809370116 · Cited by 42
The design and analysis of language experiments in communication
Hunter, J. E., Hamilton, M. A., & Allen, M. R. (1989) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758909390269 · Cited by 41
Cognitive processing of one‐ and two‐sided persuasive messages
Hale, J. L., Mongeau, P. A., & Thomas, R. M. (1991) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570319109374394 · Cited by 40
Self-citationThe Framework of Security-Enhancing Friction: How UX Can Help Users Behave More Securely
Distler, V., Lenzini, G., Lallemand, C., & Koenig, V. (2020) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/3442167.3442173 · Cited by 39
Persuasion past and present: Attitudes aren't what they used to be
Dillard, J. P. (1993) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759309376299 · Cited by 39
Threat, Fear, and Persuasion: Review and Critique of Questions About Functional Form
Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2014) · Review of Communication Research · doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.004 · Cited by 38
O’Keefe, D. J. (1987) · Central States Speech Journal · doi:10.1080/10510978709368231 · Cited by 38
Affect, persuasion, and communication processes
Jorgensen, P. F. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012057770-5/50017-5 · Cited by 38
Yoo, J. H., Kreuter, M. W., Lai, C., & Fu, Q. J. (2013) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.776001 · Cited by 37
Techniques of Social Influence
Doliński, D. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315746876 · Cited by 37
Targeting Smokers With Empathy Appeal Antismoking Public Service Announcements: A Field Experiment
Shen, L. (2015) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1012236 · Cited by 36
Kang, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2008) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570310701827604 · Cited by 36
Examining the persuasive effect of statistical messages: A test of mediating relationships
Lindsey, L. L. M., & Yun, K. A. (2003) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510970309363288 · Cited by 36
Putting the Fear Back Again (and Within Individuals): Revisiting the Role of Fear in Persuasion
Shen, L. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1220043 · Cited by 35
Reardon, J., Miller, C. E., Foubert, B., Vida, I., & Rybina, L. (2006) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.14.3.115 · Cited by 35
Threat appeals in social marketing: death as a ‘special case’
Henley, N., & Donovan, R. J. (1999) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.83 · Cited by 35
Testing three models for the sleeper effect
Allen, M. R., & Stiff, J. B. (1989) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318909374318 · Cited by 35
de Barnier, V. (2002) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/076737010201700306 · Cited by 32
Engagement et persuasion par la peur: Vers une communication engageante dans le domaine de la santé.
Girandola, F., & Michelik, F. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/0008-400x.40.2.69 · Cited by 32
Wise, K. R., Eckler, P., Kononova, A. G., & Littau, J. (2009) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510970902956024 · Cited by 31
Threat appeals and persuasion: Seeking and finding the elusive curvilinear effect
Meczkowski, E. J., Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2016) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1158412 · Cited by 29
“Fear the Flu, Not the Flu Shot”: A Test of the Extended Parallel Process Model
Roberto, A. J., Mongeau, P. A., Liu, Y., & Hashi, E. C. (2019) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2019.1673520 · Cited by 29
Self-citationThe Optimal Level of Fear-Arousal in Advertising: An Empirical Study
Strong, J. T., & Dubas, K. M. (1993) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.1993.10505006 · Cited by 29
Hem, L. E., Iversen, N. M., & Nysveen, H. (2003) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1300/j073v13n04_01 · Cited by 30
Volkman, J. E., & Parrott, R. L. (2012) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01433.x · Cited by 27
Cismaru, M., & Lavack, A. M. (2007) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593107080344 · Cited by 27
The application of persuasion research to consultation in school psychology
O’Keefe, D. J., & Medway, F. J. (1997) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(97)00004-6 · Cited by 25
The uses of meta‐analysis: Making knowledge claims and setting research agendas
Hale, J. L., & Dillard, J. P. (1991) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759109376242 · Cited by 25
The Effects of Framing and Fear on Ratings and Impact of Antimarijuana PSAs
Zimmerman, R. S., Cupp, P. K., Abadi, M., Donohew, R. L., Gray, C., Gordon, L., & Grossl, A. B. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.880721 · Cited by 24
Misplaced marketing commentary: social marketing and myths of appeals to fear
Rotfeld, H. J. (1999) · Cited by 24
A linguistic study of Islamic religious discourse : conceptual metaphors in the prophetic tradition
El-Sharif, A. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 24
Misunderstandings of Effect Sizes in Message Effects Research
O’Keefe, D. J. (2017) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1343812 · Cited by 24
Find me strength in things: Fear can explain materialism
Longmire, S. J., Chan, E. Y., & Lawry, C. A. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21561 · Cited by 22
Qiao, S., Li, X., Zhang, C., Zhou, Y., Shen, Z., Tang, Z., & STANTON, B. F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111012 · Cited by 22
Reardon, J., & Miller, C. E. (2008) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679160105 · Cited by 21
Henley, N., Donovan, R. J., & Moorhead, H. A. (1998) · Social Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15245004.1998.9961018 · Cited by 21
The Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Sleeper Effect: An Assessment of Attitude Change over Time
Allen, M. R., & Reynolds, R. A. (1993) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1993.tb00058.x · Cited by 20
Film Violence and Perceptions of Crime: The Cultivation Effect
Ogles, R. M., & Hoffner, C. A. (1987) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.1987.11678653 · Cited by 20
The effects of fear appeals on reactance in climate change communication
Bilfinger, L., Brummernhenrich, B., & Jucks, R. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104666 · Cited by 20
Emotional Appeals, Climate Change, and Young Adults: A Direct Replication of Skurka et al. (2018)
Skurka, C., Romero‐Canyas, R., Joo, H. H., Acup, D., & Niederdeppe, J. (2021) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqab013 · Cited by 23
Death imagery in antipoaching advertising
Baek, T. H., & Yoon, S. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21430 · Cited by 19
The psychology of fear appeals revisited
Elliott, B. (2003) · ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH, POLICING AND EDUCATION CONFERENCE, 2003, SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA · Cited by 19
Beliefs and Emotionality in Risk Appraisals
Thalmann, A. T., & Wiedemann, P. M. (2006) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669870600717566 · Cited by 19
Book Review: The Textbook Effect: Conventional Wisdom, Myth, and Error in Marketing
Rotfeld, H. J. (2000) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.64.2.122.18003 · Cited by 19
Roberto, A. J., & Xin, Z. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00330-5 · Cited by 18
Lee, M. J. (2017) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839917711639 · Cited by 18
Integrating Terror Management Theory into Fear Appeal Research
Hunt, D. M., & Shehryar, O. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00354.x · Cited by 22
(2011) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.2.i · Cited by 18
Testing an additive model for the effectiveness of evidence on the persuasiveness of a message
Kim, S., Allen, M. R., Gattoni, A., Grimes, D., Herrman, A. R., Huang, H., Kim, J., Lu, S., Maier, M., May, A. R., et al. (2012) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2012.658285 · Cited by 17
Janssens, W., & Pelsmacker, P. D. (2007) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-47-3-173 · Cited by 17
Andrés, R. R. (1970) · Revista de Comunicación y Salud · doi:10.35669/revistadecomunicacionysalud.2011.1(2).33-46 · Cited by 16
The affective orientation to communication: Conceptual and empirical distinctions
Booth‐Butterfield, M., & Booth‐Butterfield, S. (1994) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379409369941 · Cited by 16
Sones, M. C. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/10099198 · Cited by 15
Tallapragada, M., & Cranmer, G. A. (2020) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479520944549 · Cited by 15
Bigsby, E., Hovick, S. R. A., Tan, N. Q. P., Thomas, S. N., & Wilson, S. R. (2021) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13857 · Cited by 16
Using meta‐analyses to evaluate curriculum: An examination of selected college textbooks
Allen, M. R., & Preiss, R. W. (1990) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634529009378793 · Cited by 15
Blondé, J., & Girandola, F. (2018) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2017.1412969 · Cited by 15
Three Studies Testing the Effects of Role Models on Product Users' Safety Behavior
deTurck, M. A., Chih, I.-H., & Hsu, Y.-P. (1999) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872099779611058 · Cited by 15
The development of communication research in Indonesia in 2001-2020
Adiprasetio, J. (2022) · Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi · doi:10.24198/jkk.v10i1.35954 · Cited by 13
Operationalizing Theoretical Constructs in Bloodborne Pathogens Training Curriculum
Sinclair, R. C., Gershon, R., Murphy, L. R., & Goldenhar, L. M. (1996) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019819602300208 · Cited by 13
Message Content of Alcohol Moderation TV Commercials
Lavack, A. M. (1999) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.1999.12096524 · Cited by 12
Investigating culturally-oriented fear appeals in public information documents on HIV/AIDS
Jansen, C., van Baal, J., & Bouwmans, E. (2006) · Journal of Intercultural Communication · doi:10.36923/jicc.v6i1.418 · Cited by 12
Adiprasetio, J., Rahmawan, D., & Wibowo, K. A. (2021) · Pacific Journalism Review – Te Koakoa · doi:10.24135/pjr.v27i1and2.1167 · Cited by 11
Developing and Testing the Anti-Drinking and Driving PSA
Weber, K., Dillow, M. R., & Rocca, K. A. (2011) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.597285 · Cited by 11
Audience Response to Religious Fear Appeals
Ragsdale, J. D., & Durham, K. R. (1986) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.2307/3511336 · Cited by 11
Liao, C., Du, P., Yang, Y., & Huang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-12-2020-0290 · Cited by 9
Die Effektivität von schriftlichen und graphischen Warnhinweisen auf Zigarettenschachteln
Petersen, L., & Lieder, F. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.245 · Cited by 9
Prévention, détection et traitement de l'information persuasive en situation de peur.
Girandola, F., & Atkinson, D. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087201 · Cited by 9
Profiling Consumer Trend-setters in the Canadian Healthy-foods Market
West, G. E., & Larue, B. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.45739 · Cited by 9
Wirkung von Furchtappellen in der Werbung
Hastall, M. R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-18916-1_22 · Cited by 9
Communication Science and Meta-Analysis: Introduction to the Special Issue
Rains, S. A., Matthes, J., & Palomares, N. A. (2020) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqaa007 · Cited by 9
El uso del miedo en los mensajes de salud
Ordoñana, J. R., Amor, J. G., & Olivares, F. G. (2000) · Gaceta Sanitaria · Cited by 8
Testing a susceptibility threshold for risk promotion messages in the shark diving context
Lapinski, M. K., Neuberger, L., Grayson-Sneed, K. A., & Gore, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2019.1617337 · Cited by 7
Die Wirkung positiver und negativer Aussagen in der Werbung vor dem Hintergrund des Message Framing
Gierl, H., Helm, R., & Satzinger, M. (2000) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/bf03372617 · Cited by 7
O’Keefe, D. J. (1991) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759109376243 · Cited by 7
Functional effectiveness of threat appeals in exercise promotion messages
Maîresse, O., Macharis, C., Wauters, B., & Brengman, M. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7
Gesundheit: Selbstschädigendes Handeln trotz Wissen
Renner, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2000) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 7
Fear or humor? The effects of negatively framed visual hyperbole in advertising
Huang, Y. T. (2023) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2023.2262325 · Cited by 6
Carcioppolo, N. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1237593 · Cited by 6
A Practitioner's View of “Motivation”
Hershey, R. A. (1993) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683949310027808 · Cited by 6
Quand l’engagement précède l’appel à la peur : une forme de communication engageante
Priolo, D., & Milhabet, I. (2008) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503308002029 · Cited by 6
Amenaza y persuasión en mensajes de salud sobre consumo de alcohol: de la teoría a la práctica
Ordoñana, J. R., & Amor, J. G. (2002) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.479 · Cited by 6
van Wel, F., & Knobbout, J. (1998) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.1998.9747817 · Cited by 6
Ruiter, R. A. C. (2000) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20001215rr · Cited by 6
Communication for health and AIDS: An educative-entertaining approach
Perosanz, J. J. I. (2006) · Comunicar · doi:10.3916/c26-2006-06 · Cited by 5
Physical risk messaging enhances favorable attitudes toward mask wearing
Yeh, M. A., Mirabito, A. M., & Finkelstein, S. R. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12402 · Cited by 5
Ambivalence Amplifies College Smokers' Negative Emotional Responses to Antismoking Information
Zhao, X., & Cai, X. (2009) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510970902956032 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Boster, F. J., & Mongeau, P.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Annals of the International Communication Association
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1984-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 330-375
- ISSN
- 2380-8977 (ISSN-L)
- 2380-8985
- OpenAlex
- W2475831412
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 33.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the International Communication Association (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- persuasive messages, fear appeals, persuasion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review