The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda
Open accessAbstract
Based on an extensive literature review, we suggest that ‘fake news’ alludes to two dimensions of political communication: the fake news genre (i.e. the deliberate creation of pseudojournalistic disinformation) and the fake news label (i.e. the instrumentalization of the term to delegitimize news media). While public worries about the use of the label by politicians are increasing, scholarly interest is heavily focused on the genre aspect of fake news. We connect the existing literature on fake news to related concepts from political communication and journalism research, present a theoretical framework to study fake news, and formulate a research agenda. Thus, we bring clarity to the discourse about fake news and suggest shifting scholarly attention to the neglected fake news label.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The spread of true and false news online
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aap9559 · Cited by 8,847 · cited 1×
“However, at the same time, this associated negativity has rendered the term a potent weapon for a number of political actors, who now use it to discredit legacy news media that contradict their positions, suggesting that these outlets are politically biased (e.g. Vosoughi et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSocial Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 · Cited by 6,767
Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao2998 · Cited by 4,160
Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news
Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000465 · Cited by 1,268
Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures
Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, A. (2009) · Journal of Political Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x · Cited by 1,050 · cited 1×
“Conspiracy theories can be distinguished from rumours by their ‘effort to explain some event or practice by reference to the machinations of powerful people, who attempt to conceal their role’ (Sunstein & Vermeule, 2009, p. 205).”
BackgroundPolitical communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy?
Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., de Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stępińska, A., et al. (2017) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551 · Cited by 974
Cited by
Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review
Aïmeur, E., Amri, S., & Brassard, G. (2023) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-023-01028-5 · Cited by 772
Fake news and COVID-19: modelling the predictors of fake news sharing among social media users
Apuke, O. D., & Omar, B. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101475 · Cited by 732
Jones-Jang, S. M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219869406 · Cited by 685
Fake news on Social Media: the Impact on Society
Olan, F., Jayawickrama, U., Arakpogun, E. O., Suklan, J., & Liu, S. (2024) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10242-z · Cited by 303
Ognyanova, K., Lazer, D., Robertson, R. E., & Wilson, C. (2020) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-024 · Cited by 261
Metadata
- Authors
- Egelhofer, J. L., & Lecheler, S.
- Venue
- Annals of the International Communication Association
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-04-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97-116
- ISSN
- 2380-8977 (ISSN-L)
- 2380-8985
- OpenAlex
- W2938068879
- Cited by
- 651
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 143.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/23808985.2019.1602782
- The paper
- Egelhofer, J. L., & Lecheler, S. (2019). Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda. Annals of the International Communication Association. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1602782
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
