Multimodal data fusion for systems improvement: A review
Abstract
In recent years, information available from multiple data modalities has become increasingly common for industrial engineering and operations research applications. There have been a number of research works combining these data in unsupervised, supervised, and semi-supervised fashions that have addressed various issues of combining heterogeneous data, as well as several existing open challenges that remain to be addressed. In this review paper, we provide an overview of some methods for the fusion of multimodal data. We provide detailed real-world examples in manufacturing and medicine, introduce early, late, and intermediate fusion, as well as discuss several approaches under decomposition-based and neural network fusion paradigms. We summarize the capabilities and limitations of these methods and conclude the review article by discussing the existing challenges and potential research opportunities.
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Mid-term fusion typically employs attention mechanisms, feature weighting, connectivity, or GNNs to combine modality-specific features.
“This method typically employs attention mechanisms, feature weighting, connectivity, or GNNs to combine modality specific features [41,42].”
From Multimodal fusion and vision–language models: A survey for robot vision (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Gaw, N., Yousefi, S., & Gahrooei, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (US)
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gahrooei, Mostafa Reisi
- Venue
- IISE Transactions
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-12-03
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1098-1116
- ISSN
- 2472-5854 (ISSN-L)
- 2472-5862
- OpenAlex
- W3210892971
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IISE Transactions (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Advanced Image Fusion Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications
- Keywords
- multimodal fusion, data heterogeneity, feature-level fusion, decision fusion, intermediate fusion, neural network fusion, manufacturing industry, health data, industrial engineering, operations research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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