The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Use of the Gram stain in microbiology
Abstract
The Gram stain differentiates bacteria into two fundamental varieties of cells. Bacteria that retain the initial crystal violet stain (purple) are said to be "gram-positive," whereas those that are decolorized and stain red with carbol fuchsin (or safranin) are said to be "gram-negative." This staining response is based on the chemical and structural makeup of the cell walls of both varieties of bacteria. Gram-positives have a thick, relatively impermeable wall that resists decolorization and is composed of peptidoglycan and secondary polymers. Gram-negatives have a thin peptidoglycan layer plus an overlying lipid-protein bilayer known as the outer membrane, which can be disrupted by decolorization. Some bacteria have walls of intermediate structure and, although they are officially classified as gram-positives because of their linage, they stain in a variable manner. One prokaryote domain, the Archaea, have such variability of wall structure that the Gram stain is not a useful differentiating tool.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
S., F. A., Buchanan, R. E. T., Gibbons, N. E., & Bergey (1975) · Taxon · doi:10.2307/1218353 · Cited by 11,333
Structures of Gram-Negative Cell Walls and Their Derived Membrane Vesicles
Beveridge, T. J. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.16.4725-4733.1999 · Cited by 1,528
Self-citationGrowth of the Stress-Bearing and Shape-Maintaining Murein Sacculus of Escherichia coli
Höltje, J.-V. (1998) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.62.1.181-203.1998 · Cited by 1,129
Sleytr, U. (1999) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01513-9 · Cited by 427
Thickness and Elasticity of Gram-Negative Murein Sacculi Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy
Yao, X., Jericho, M., Pink, D., & Beveridge, T. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.22.6865-6875.1999 · Cited by 359
Self-citationArchaeobacterial cell envelopes
König, H. (1988) · Canadian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1139/m88-071 · Cited by 138
Labischinski, H., Goodell, E. W., Goodell, A., & Hochberg, M. (1991) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.173.2.751-756.1991 · Cited by 125
Mechanism of gram variability in select bacteria
Beveridge, T. J. (1990) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990 · Cited by 114
Self-citationAlternate gram staining technique using a fluorescent lectin
Sizemore, R. K., Caldwell, J., & Kendrick, A. S. (1990) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.56.7.2245-2247.1990 · Cited by 113
Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain
Beveridge, T. J., & Davies, J. A. (1983) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.156.2.846-858.1983 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Cited by
Sára, M., & Sleytr, U. B. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.4.859-868.2000 · Cited by 766
Albers, S.-V., & Meyer, B. H. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2576 · Cited by 542
The Road to Metagenomics: From Microbiology to DNA Sequencing Technologies and Bioinformatics
Escobar-Zepeda, A., Vera-Ponce de León, A., & Sanchez-Flores, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00348 · Cited by 363
Md Badrul Hisham, N. H., Ibrahim, M. F., Ramli, N., & Abd-Aziz, S. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24142617 · Cited by 129
(2017) · PubMed
Metadata
- Authors
- Beveridge, T. J.
- Venue
- Biotechnic & Histochemistry
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Published
- 2001-01-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 111-118
- ISSN
- 1052-0295 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028153733
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Use of the Gram stain in microbiology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/714028139
- The paper
- Beveridge, T. J. (2001). Use of the Gram stain in microbiology. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1080/714028139
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
