The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predicting Impairment in Major Life Activities and Occupational Functioning in Hyperactive Children as Adults: Self-Reported Executive Function (EF) Deficits Versus EF Tests
Abstract
Hyperactivity in children, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is associated with impairments in various major life activities by adulthood, particularly occupational functioning. ADHD appears to involve deficits in executive functioning (EF). Prior studies have not examined the contribution of these deficits to adult impairment generally and occupational adjustment specifically in longitudinal studies of hyperactive/ADHD children. We did so assessing EF by both self-report and tests and using self and other-rated impairment in 10 domains of major life activities and 12 measures of occupational impairment. We studied hyperactive (H; N = 135) and community control children (C; N = 75) followed to adulthood (mean age 27 years). The H cases were subdivided into those whose ADHD did (ADHD-P) and did not persist (ADHD-NP) using modified DSM-IV criteria. Self-reported EF deficits were more severe on all five EF scales in the ADHD-P than both the ADHD-NP and C groups and on three scales in the ADHD-NP compared to C groups. Most ADHD-P cases fell in the clinically impaired range on self-reported EF as did a substantial minority of ADHD-NP cases but few were so classified on the EF tests. Impairments in occupational functioning were predicted by the EF ratings to a greater degree than by the EF tests. Most EF tests were unrelated to work history with the exception of the Five-Points Test. We conclude that EF ratings are better predictors of impairment in major life act…
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“The behavioral assessment of executive functions has become increasingly popular in both research (e.g., Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Sadeh et al., 2012) and clinical practice (Rabin et al., 2016)”
From Sensitivity and Specificity of an Executive Function Screener at Identifying Children with ADHD and Reading Disability (2021) · cites this paper as Barkley & Fischer, 2011
In the citing paper
“there is already some literature indicating that ratings of executive function are significantly related to impairment in major life activities and in occupational functioning in adults (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010a,b, 2011).”
From Practitioner Review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? (2013) · cites this paper as Barkley & Fischer, 2011
In the citing paper
“neuropsychological tests have not been shown to reliably predict functional impairment in adult ADHD, while clinical ratings such as the BRIEF have been successful in this regard [25], [26].”
From Atomoxetine Effects on Executive Function as Measured by the BRIEF-A in Young Adults with ADHD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“The BRIEF-A has advantages as a behavioral rather than neuropsychological assessment of executive functioning in that it relies on ratings of real-world life activities [26].”
From Atomoxetine Effects on Executive Function as Measured by the BRIEF-A in Young Adults with ADHD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Compared with neuropsychological tests of EF, behavioral assessments may be better predictors of impairment in major life activities [17].”
Citations
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“(3) Most EF tasks involve multiple cognitive processes, as well as IQ, only some of which supposedly reflect EF (Anderson, 2002; Mahone et al., 2002) posing some difficulty for their straightforward interpretation as pure measures of a particular EF construct.”
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Cited by
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Items 401–413 of 413
Altgassen, M., Heinrich, H., & Edel, M. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547261416467
“…tasks or not completing them), difficulties with time-management (e.g., being late, having a reduced sense of time), impulsive decision making, poor self-management and self-motivation (American Psychiatric Association, 2022; Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2011; Gawrilow et al., 2011).”
Miller, M. C., Jean-Francois, E., Hembree, K. E., Peugh, J., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., & Becker, S. P. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01436-z · Cited by 2
“…tasks (perfor - mance-based measures) of EF provide valuable insights into the efficiency of specific cognitive processes in a structured environment, they may not fully capture how these diffi - culties manifest in real-world settings (Barkley & Fischer, 2011 ; Toplak et al., 2013 ).”
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Dynamics and monitoring of mind-wandering
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“A deficit in executive functions may be an important cause of these difficulties (Barkley and Fischer, 2011), leading to performance impairments in various tasks such as sustaining attention (Barkley, 1997), reading (Miller et al.”
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“Executive functioning is intrinsically linked to academic success, stress management, and adaptability; therefore, interventions based on flawed data may be ineffective or even detrimental because they do not reflect students’ genuine challenges [4].”
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“Literature also highlights frequent discrepancies between self-report measures and objective performance on standardized neurocognitive tasks (Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
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Understanding how experience supports the development of executive function skills
Doebel, S., Chevalier, N., Lipina, S. J., Rabii, V., & Ahmed, S. F. (2026) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-026-00614-6
“Report measures show stronger associations with functional outcomes than do performance measures 49 .”
van der Meer, J. M. J. (2014) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barkley, Russell A.
- Venue
- Developmental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-01-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-161
- ISSN
- 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-5641
- OpenAlex
- W2116091704
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 18.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042181, MH42181)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive dysfunction, major life activities, occupational functioning, hyperactive children, longitudinal follow-up, work history
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Occupations, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Statistics as Topic, Executive Function, Self Report
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