The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Normal keratinization in a spontaneously immortalized aneuploid human keratinocyte cell line.
Open accessAbstract
In contrast to mouse epidermal cells, human skin keratinocytes are rather resistant to transformation in vitro. Immortalization has been achieved by SV40 but has resulted in cell lines with altered differentiation. We have established a spontaneously transformed human epithelial cell line from adult skin, which maintains full epidermal differentiation capacity. This HaCaT cell line is obviously immortal (greater than 140 passages), has a transformed phenotype in vitro (clonogenic on plastic and in agar) but remains nontumorigenic. Despite the altered and unlimited growth potential, HaCaT cells, similar to normal keratinocytes, reform an orderly structured and differentiated epidermal tissue when transplanted onto nude mice. Differentiation-specific keratins (Nos. 1 and 10) and other markers (involucrin and filaggrin) are expressed and regularly located. Thus, HaCaT is the first permanent epithelial cell line from adult human skin that exhibits normal differentiation and provides a promising tool for studying regulation of keratinization in human cells. On karyotyping this line is aneuploid (initially hypodiploid) with unique stable marker chromosomes indicating monoclonal origin. The identity of the HaCaT line with the tissue of origin was proven by DNA fingerprinting using hypervariable minisatellite probes. This is the first demonstration that the DNA fingerprint pattern is unaffected by long-term cultivation, transformation, and multiple chromosomal alterations, thereby offering a unique possibility for unequivocal identification of human cell lines. The characteristics of the HaCaT cell line clearly document that spontaneous transformation of human adult keratinocytes can occur in vitro and is associated with sequential chromosomal alterations, though not obligatorily linked to major defects in differentiation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HaCaT [34], HUVEC [35], SV-HUC-1[36], and hEM15A cell lines established from immortalized human skin cutis cells, umbilical cords, ureteral epithelium and endometrial stromal cells were totally free from cross-contamination.”
From Investigation of Cross-Contamination and Misidentification of 278 Widely Used Tumor Cell Lines (2017) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“This cell line is immortal (>140 passages) but remains nontumorigenic, and it is aneuploid (hypotetraploid) with unique stable marker chromosomes indicating monoclonal origin [40].”
From The Effect of Lycopene Preexposure on UV‐B‐Irradiated Human Keratinocytes (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Moll, R., Franke, W. W., Schiller, D. L., Geiger, B., & Krepler, R. (1982) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90400-7 · Cited by 5,239
Rheinwatd, J. G., & Green, H. (1975) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(75)80001-8 · Cited by 4,581
Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human DNA
Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V., & Thein, S. L. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/314067a0 · Cited by 3,771
Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture
Hennings, H., Michael, D., Cheng, C., Steinert, P. M., Holbrook, K. A., & Yuspa, S. H. (1980) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90406-7 · Cited by 1,798
Scott, I. R., & Harding, C. R. (1986) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(86)90230-7 · Cited by 326
Rheinwald, J. G., & Beckett, M. A. (1980) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90373-6 · Cited by 324
Neoplastic Transformation of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by AD12-SV40 and Kirsten Sarcoma Viruses
Rhim, J. S., Jay, G., Arnstein, P., Price, F. M., Sanford, K. K., & Aaronson, S. A. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2579430 · Cited by 216
Eisinger, M., Lee, J. S., Hefton, J. M., Darżynkiewicz, Z., Chiao, J.-W., & de Harven, É. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5340 · Cited by 199
Transformation of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Transfected by Harvey ras Oncogene
Yoakum, G. H., Lechner, J. F., Gabrielson, E. W., Korba, B. E., Malan-Shibley, L. B., Willey, J. C., Valerio, M. G., Shamsuddin, A. M., Trump, B. F., & Harris, C. C. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3975607 · Cited by 191
Watt, F. M. (1984) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.98.1.16 · Cited by 186
Cited by
Sorted by citations
pl5INK4B is a potentia| effector of TGF-β-induced cell cycle arrest
Hannon, G. J., & Beach, D. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/371257a0 · Cited by 1,950
Spontaneous Human Adult Stem Cell Transformation
Rubio, D., Garcı́a-Castro, J., Martín, M. C., de la Fuente, R., Cigudosa, J. C., Lloyd, A. C., & Bernad, A. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4194 · Cited by 1,048
RetractedG-quadruplex structures mark human regulatory chromatin
Hänsel-Hertsch, R., Beraldi, D., Lensing, S. V., Marsico, G., Zyner, K., Parry, A., Di Antonio, M., Pike, J., Kimura, H., Narita, M., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3662 · Cited by 964
Kip/Cip and Ink4 Cdk inhibitors cooperate to induce cell cycle arrest in response to TGF-beta.
Reynisdóttir, I., Polyak, K., Iavarone, A., & Massagué, J. (1995) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.9.15.1831 · Cited by 962
Datto, M., Li, Y., Panus, J. F., Howe, D. J., Xiong, Y., & Wang, X. F. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.12.5545 · Cited by 945
Metadata
- Authors
- Boukamp, P., Petrussevska, R. T., Breitkreutz, D., Hornung, J., Markham, A., & Fusenig, N. E.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of cell biology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 1988-03-01
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 761-771
- ISSN
- 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8140
- PMC
- PMC2115116
- OpenAlex
- W2143464311
- Cited by
- 4,170
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 147 · 2015: 148 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 152
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Genetic and rare skin diseases.
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Keywords
- human keratinocytes, spontaneous immortalization, aneuploidy, epidermal differentiation, keratinization, keratin 1, keratin 10, involucrin, filaggrin, cell line identification, DNA fingerprinting, minisatellite markers, chromosomal abnormalities, karyology
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Filaggrin Proteins, Aneuploidy, Calcium, Cell Division, Cell Line, Transformed, Chromosomes, Human, DNA, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Karyotyping, Keratins, Male, Middle Aged, Temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
