Diffuse gamma radiation
Abstract
Results are reported for an investigation of the intensity, energy spectrum, and spatial distribution of the diffuse gamma radiation detected by SAS 2 away from the galactic plane in the energy range above 35 MeV. The gamma-ray data are compared with relevant data obtained at other wavelengths, including 21-cm emission, radio continuum radiation, and the limited UV and radio information on local molecular hydrogen. It is found that there are two quite distinct components to the diffuse radiation, one of which shows a good correlation with the galactic matter distribution and continuum radiation, while the other has a much steeper energy spectrum and appears to be isotropic at least on a coarse scale. The galactic component is interpreted in terms of its implications for both local and more distant regions of the Galaxy. The apparently isotropic radiation is discussed partly with regard to the constraints placed on possible models by the steep energy spectrum, the observed intensity, and an upper limit on the anisotropy.
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The origin of the diffuse γ-ray emission in our Galaxy can be attributed to three main processes: Hadronic, Bremsstrahlung, and Inverse Compton (IC).
“The origin of the diffuse γ -ray emission in our Galaxy can be attributed to three main processes Hadronic , Bremsstrahlung , and Inverse Compton (IC) (Fichtel et al. 1978; Su et al. 2010; Ackermann et al. 2014).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Fichtel et al. 1978
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Bertone, G., & Hooper, D. (2018) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.90.045002 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
“At the time, the most detailed measurement of the astrophysical gamma-ray background was that made using data from the Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS) 2 (Fichtel, Simpson, and Thompson, 1978).”
THE SPECTRUM OF ISOTROPIC DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION BETWEEN 100 MeV AND 820 GeV
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/799/1/86 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
“…of all-sky γ-ray emission was first realized experimentally using 621 candidate γ rays collected by the OSO-3 satellite (Clark et al. 1968; Kraushaar et al. 1972), while Fichtel et al. (1975, 1978) reported the first spectral measurement of an isotropic diffuse background using the SAS-2 satellite.”
MethodEGRET Observations of the Extragalactic Gamma‐Ray Emission
Sreekumar, P. G., Bertsch, D. L., Dingus, B. L., Esposito, J. A., Fichtel, C. E., Hartman, R. C., Hunter, S. D., Kanbach, G., Kniffen, D. A., Lin, Y. C., et al. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/305222 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
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The Spectrum of Diffuse Cosmic Hard X‐Rays Measured withHEAO 1
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BackgroundThe Fermi LAT collaboration (2015) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2015/09/008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
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MethodInfluentialExtragalactic background light measurements and applications
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“The early measurements of the CGB intensity came from SAS-2 between 40 and 300 MeV in 1978 [49], followed by EGRET between 40 MeV and 10 GeV in 1998 [9,10].”
THE BLAZAR SEQUENCE AND THE COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND RADIATION IN THEFERMIERA
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“EGRB was first discovered by the SAS 2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1978; Thompson & Fichtel 1982).”
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Günter Sigl, A., Schramm, D. N., & Bhattacharjee, P. (1994) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/0927-6505(94)90029-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
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Constraints on decaying dark matter from the isotropic gamma-ray background
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“Although previously detected by SAS-2 [31] and EGRET [32], Fermi’s measurement of the IGRB has provided a more detailed description of its characteristics and led to a more complete understanding of its origin.”
MethodThe contribution of unresolved radio-loud AGN to the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background
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“An isotropic componentof the di use -ray background emission was rst detectedby the SAS 2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1978, Thompson & Fich-tel 1982).”
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The Guaranteed Gamma-Ray Background
Pavlidou, V, & Fields, B. D. (2002) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 79 · see citing works
On the origin of highest energy cosmic rays
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CIRCUM-GALACTIC GAS AND THE ISOTROPIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND
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“In addition to emission clearly associated with a Galactic origin, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (as well as its predecessors, SAS-2; Fichtel et al. 1978; and EGRET; Sreekumar et al. 1998) has identified an approximately isotropic background of gamma rays (Abdo et al. 2010a) which is…”
BackgroundGamma-ray astronomy at high energies
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“Our results are in accord with previous calculations of the polar Galactic foreground (Fichtel et al. 1978).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDECIPHERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND FROM 2 GeV TO 2 TeV
Lisanti, M., Mishra-Sharma, S., Necib, L., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/117 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The OSO-3(Clark et al. 1968; Kraushaar et al. 1972) and SAS-2 satellites(Fichtel et al. 1975, 1978) were the first to see hints of the EGB and have since been followed by EGRET(Sreekumar et al. 1998; Strong et al. 2004) and, most recently, the Fermi Large Area Telescope3(Ackermann et al. 2015b,…”
MethodCONTRIBUTION FROM STAR-FORMING GALAXIES TO THE COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND RADIATION
Makiya, R., Totani, T., & Kobayashi, M. A. R. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/728/2/158 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION The existence of the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background (EGRB) has been revealed first by the SAS-2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1977; Fichtel et al. 1978).”
BackgroundDECIPHERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND FROM 2 GeV TO 2 TeV
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“This was confirmed in the 1960s and the 1970s thanks to the OSO-3 [9] and SAS-II [10] satellites, which detected a gamma-ray signal associated with Galactic interstellar matter.”
ResultAharonian, F., Akhperjanian, A. G., Barrio, J. A., Bernlöhr, K., Bolz, O., Börst, H., Bojahr, H., Contreras, J. L., Cortina, J., Denninghoff, S., et al. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010898 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“The diffuse and approximately isotropic gamma-ray background was first detected by the SAS-2 satellite [1], and later confirmed by EGRET [2] and the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope [3].”
MethodConstraints on dark matter annihilation and decay from the isotropic gamma-ray background
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Radio galaxies dominate the high-energy diffuse gamma-ray background
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COS‐B OBSERVATION OF THE MILKY WAY IN HIGH‐ENERGY GAMMA RAYS
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The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
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“The origin of the di ff use γ -ray emission in our Galaxy can be attributed to three main processes - Hadronic , Bremsstrahlung , and Inverse Compton (IC) (Fichtel et al. 1978; Su et al. 2010; Ackermann et al. 2014).”
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“Such γ-rays from extragalactic sources of DM can remain hidden in the huge background of the observationally measured γ flux by satellite-based experiments such as the SAS-2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1978), EGRET (Sreekumar et al. 1998), and Fermi-LAT (Abdo et al. 2010b; Ackermann et al. 2015b).”
BackgroundOn neutralino stars as microlensing objects
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“The isotropic diffuse γ-ray emission, also known as extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGRB), was first detected by the SAS2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1977, 1978) and interpreted as of extragalactic origin.”
BackgroundThe Modelling of Background Noise in Astronomical Gamma Ray Telescopes
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“A much fainter and isotropic diffuse emission was first detected by the SAS–2 satellite [152] and later confirmed by the measurement reported by the EGRET experiment [153].”
MethodVery short gamma-ray bursts and primordial black hole evaporation
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“In the high-energy γ-ray band (HE, 0.1-100 GeV) the diffuse extragalactic γ-ray background (EGB) was detected for the first time by SAS-2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1978), was further studied by EGRET telescope on board of CGROmission (Sreekumar et al. 1998; Strong et al. 2004) and, most recently,…”
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Source location capability of present and future high energy gamma ray telescopes
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Self-citationUnstable Gravitino Dark Matter - Prospects for Indirect and Direct Detection
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“An isotropic diffuse gamma-ray component on top of the galactic emission was first observed by the SAS-2 satellite [226] and has since then been measured in more detail by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory [227] and by Fermi LAT [66].”
MethodRelativistic models and the expanding universe
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“Thus the IGRB fluxes measured by SAS-2 [43], EGRET [44], Fermi-LAT [45, 46] etc.”
MethodGamma rays from the magellanic clouds and the origin of cosmic rays
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THE X‐ AND GAMMA‐RAY BACKGROUNDS*
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“The first observation of the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB) was reported by the SAS-2 satellite (Fichtel et al. 1977, 1978).”
The Gamma‐Ray Blazar PKS 0208−512 from MeV to GeV Energies
Stacy, J. G., Vestrand, W. T., & Sreekumar, P. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/377632 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Some problems of gamma-astronomy
Dogiel, V. A., & Ginzburg, V. L. (1989) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/bf00241870 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Primordial black holes and short gamma-ray bursts
Cline, D. (1998) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(98)00046-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chi, X., & Wolfendale, A. W. (1989) · Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/15/9/019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Seyfert galaxies and the cosmic γ-ray diffuse background
Bassani, L., Butler, R. C., Dean, A. J., et al. (1982) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/bf00651475 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Houston, B. P., & Wolfendale, A. W. (1982) · Vistas in Astronomy · doi:10.1016/0083-6656(82)90003-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Constraints on ultracompact minihalos from the extragalactic gamma-ray background observation
Zhang, X.-F., Cheng, J.-G., Zhu, B.-Y., Liu, T.-C., Liang, Y.-F., & Liang, E. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.043011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB) is the total contribution of gamma-ray integrated flux from all objects in the history of the extragalactic universe, and was first detected by the SAS-2 satellite [1, 2] and subsequently measured by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) [3–5].”
Method
- Authors
- Fichtel, C. E., Simpson, G. A., & Thompson, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1978-06
- Volume
- 222
- Pages
- 833
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2074377612
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- diffuse gamma-ray emission, SAS-2, Galactic halo, gamma-ray spectra, isotropic gamma-ray background, HI 21 cm emission, radio continuum emission, molecular hydrogen, gamma-ray anisotropy, Milky Way
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