The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Economic Transformation and Income Inequality in Urban China: Evidence from Panel Data
Abstract
Using panel data of 4,730 urban residents drawn from 20 cities in China, this article examines changes in income determinants between the prereform and reform eras. To guide this empirical study, a conceptual model is developed that emphasizes the coevolution of politics and markets to synthesize theoretical ideas in the recent debate on the transformation of state socialist societies. The findings show significant changes in returns to education and in the rise of private/hybrid firms in the reform era. There is also strong evidence of institutional persistence in returns to positional power and in the organizational hierarchy. These findings reveal multifaceted processes of transformation that call for more sophisticated theoretical models and in-depth institutional analyses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The three worlds of welfare capitalism
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-1046 · Cited by 16,528
Littell, R. C. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,341
Hsiao, C. (2014) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139839327 · Cited by 7,869
Hsiao, C. (2022) · doi:10.1017/9781009057745 · Cited by 7,869
(2001) · Statistics for Psychologists · doi:10.4324/9781410605542-11 · Cited by 6,877
Schooling, Experience, and Earnings
Mincer, J. (1974) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6,840
Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness
Granovetter, M. (2002) · Readings in Economic Sociology · doi:10.1002/9780470755679.ch5 · Cited by 5,721
Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization
Wade, R. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9780691187181 · Cited by 4,835
The theory and practice of econometrics
(1986) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/0164-0704(86)90027-3 · Cited by 4,342
The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History
North, D. C., & Thomas, R. P. (1973) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819438 · Cited by 2,953
(1985) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511628283 · Cited by 2,353
Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China
Oi, J. C. (1992) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2010520 · Cited by 1,286
Bringing Strong Ties Back in: Indirect Ties, Network Bridges, and Job Searches in China
Bian, Y. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657311 · Cited by 1,260
Nee, V. (1992) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393531 · Cited by 1,056
Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism
Stark, D. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230786 · Cited by 975
From Fiefs to Clans and Network Capitalism: Explaining China's Emerging Economic Order
Boisot, M., & Child, J. (1996) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393869 · Cited by 974
A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism
Nee, V. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2117747 · Cited by 959
Local Governments as Industrial Firms: An Organizational Analysis of China's Transitional Economy
Walder, A. G. (1995) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230725 · Cited by 933
Hamilton, G. G., & Biggart, N. W. (1988) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228942 · Cited by 858
The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China
Shirk, S. L. (1993) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520912212 · Cited by 835
Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform 1978-1993.
Ho, S. P. S., & Naughton, B. (1996) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2760884 · Cited by 815
Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993
Naughton, B. (1995) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511664335 · Cited by 718
Bureaucracy, politics, and decision making in post-Mao China
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-6521 · Cited by 580
Market Transition and the Persistence of Power: The Changing Stratification System in Urban China
Bian, Y., & Logan, J. R. (1996) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096451 · Cited by 560
How to Make a Market: Reflections on the Attempt to Create a Single Market in the European Union
Fligstein, N., & Mara-Drita, I. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230907 · Cited by 525
The Emergence of a Market Society: Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China
Nee, V. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230784 · Cited by 519
Urban Life in Contemporary China.
Willmott, W. E., Whyte, M. K., & Parish, W. L. (1986) · Pacific Affairs · doi:10.2307/2758555 · Cited by 509
The First Shall Be Last? Entrepreneurship and Communist Cadres in the Transition from Socialism
Rona-Tas, A. (1994) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230499 · Cited by 469
Analysis of Longitudinal Data.
Diggle, P. J., Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1997) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533983 · Cited by 447
Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order
Walder, A. G. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096416 · Cited by 420
Regional Variation in Earnings Inequality in Reform-Era Urban China
Xie, Y., & Hannum, E. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230785 · Cited by 369
The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power
Campbell, J. C., Konrád, G., & Szelényi, I. (1979) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20040463 · Cited by 351
Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism: Between Redistribution and Markets in China
Nee, V. (1991) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096103 · Cited by 341
Governance of the American Economy
(1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511664083 · Cited by 337
Lin, N., & Bian, Y. (1991) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229816 · Cited by 318
More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991–1995
Gerber, T. P., & Hout, M. (1998) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210001 · Cited by 316
Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies
Walder, A. G. (1992) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096099 · Cited by 298
Work and Inequality in Urban China.
Cheng, M. M., & Bian, Y. (1996) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580790 · Cited by 261
Markets and Inequality in Transitional Economies: Toward Testable Theories
Walder, A. G. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230789 · Cited by 243
Market Transition and Societal Transformation in Reforming State Socialism
Nee, V., & Matthews, R. (1996) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.401 · Cited by 234
The Market Transition Debate: Toward a Synthesis?
Szelenyi, I., & Kostello, E. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230791 · Cited by 224
Local market socialism: Local corporatism in action in rural China
Lin, N. (1995) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/bf00993350 · Cited by 220
Politics and Markets: Dual Transformations
Parish, W. L., & Michelson, E. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230788 · Cited by 217
Between Markets and Politics: Organizational Responses to Reform in China
Guthrie, D. (1997) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/231084 · Cited by 191
Educational Stratification in Urban China: 1949-94
Zhou, X., Moen, P., & Tuma, N. B. (1998) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2673202 · Cited by 187
Self-citationSocial Inequalities in State Socialist Redistributive Economies
Szelényi, I. (1978) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/156854278x00176 · Cited by 178
Szelenyi, I. (1978) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/002071527801900105 · Cited by 172
Institutional Change and Job-Shift Patterns in Urban China, 1949 to 1994
Zhou, X., Tuma, N. B., & Moen, P. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657310 · Cited by 144
Self-citationStratification Dynamics under State Socialism: The Case of Urban China, 1949-1993
Zhou, X., Tuma, N. B., & Moen, P. (1996) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/74.3.759 · Cited by 121
Self-citationWage Determination in Rural and Urban China: A Comparison of Public and Private Industrial Sectors
Peng, Y. (1992) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096205 · Cited by 92
Sleeping with the enemy: A dynamic model of declining political commitment in state socialism
Nee, V. G., & Peng, L. (1994) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/bf00993817 · Cited by 75
The Great Transition: China, Hungary, and Sociology Exit Socialism Into the Market
Oberschall, A. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230787 · Cited by 58
Hamilton, G. G. (1988) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228979 · Cited by 43
Cited by
Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice
Halaby, C. N. (2004) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110629 · Cited by 946
The Chinese General Social Survey (2003-8): Sample Designs and Data Evaluation
Bian, Y., & Li, L. (2012) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.2753/csa2162-0555450104 · Cited by 275
Chen, F., Yang, Y., & Liu, G. (2010) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122409359165 · Cited by 215
Zhang, Y., & Hannum, E. (2015) · Chinese Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/2057150x14568769 · Cited by 56
Wang, H., Yang, X. Y., Yang, T., Cottrell, R. R., Yu, L., Feng, X., & Jiang, S. (2015) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0152-4 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhou, X.
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1135-1174
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- OpenAlex
- W2012533085
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 53
- FWCI
- 71.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.