The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Socioeconomic Status and Depression: The Role of Occupations Involving Direction, Control, and Planning
Abstract
This article proposes a social causation explanation for the association between SES and depression/distress. The model links SES, occupational direction, control, and planning (DCP), personality factors, and depression/distress in a causal sequence. The data to test the social causation model against alternative, social selection models are derived from samples of psychiatric patients and community residents in Washington Heights, New York City. The key factor of DCP is operationalized using ratings from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The results support the social causation model and cannot be accounted for by several tests derived from social selection models. Thus the results increase the plausibility of the social causation model and suggest the need for further research on the links between occupational conditions and mental disorder.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
Cited by
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Thoits, P. A. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626957 · Cited by 3,496
Power, approach, and inhibition.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265 · Cited by 3,427
Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995) · Digital Repository at the University of Maryland · doi:10.13016/rpln-eiwa · Cited by 2,679
Self-citationThe Contours of Positive Human Health
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1 · Cited by 2,658
Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior.
Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020092 · Cited by 1,478
Metadata
- Authors
- Link, B. G., Lennon, M. C., & Dohrenwend, B. P.
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1993-05
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1351-1387
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- OpenAlex
- W2073962097
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 7.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Socioeconomic Status and Depression: The Role of Occupations Involving Direction, Control, and Planning. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/230192
- The paper
- Link, B. G., Lennon, M. C., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1993). Socioeconomic Status and Depression: The Role of Occupations Involving Direction, Control, and Planning. American Journal of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1086/230192
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.