The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes
Abstract
This article evaluates the impact of parental working conditions on both a cognitive child outcome and a social one among a national sample of three- to six-year-old children with employed mothers. Current maternal working conditions (i.e., a mother's working conditions at the time of the study) affect verbal facility, but paternal work hours in the early years have significant effects on children's behavior problems. Mother's current occupational complexity interacts with her resources and employment characteristics to influence both cognitive and social outcomes. The conclusion is that adequate parental resources contribute to the forms of family social capital useful in facilitating positive child outcomes, but that conclusions regarding negative effects of maternal work in the child's first year have been overgeneralized.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
COLEMAN, J. (2000) · Knowledge and Social Capital · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-7222-1.50005-2 · Cited by 21,666
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-6637 · Cited by 16,594
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436
McLoyd, V. C. (1990) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131096 · Cited by 2,090
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1981) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165983 · Cited by 1,695
Matas, L., Arend, R. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1978.tb02354.x · Cited by 1,145
Class and Conformity: A Study in Values.
Powers, M. G., & Kohn, M. L. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093420 · Cited by 1,110
Authoritative Parenting, Psychosocial Maturity, and Academic Success among Adolescents
Steinberg, L. D., Elmen, J. D., & Mounts, N. S. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb04014.x · Cited by 961
Job Conditions and Personality: A Longitudinal Assessment of Their Reciprocal Effects
Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1982) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/227593 · Cited by 805
Blake, J. (1989) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520330597 · Cited by 711
Cited by
Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology
Portes, A. (1998) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1 · Cited by 12,037
On the Specification and Estimation of the Production Function for Cognitive Achievement
Todd, P. E., & Wolpin, K. I. (2003) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00097 · Cited by 1,514
Perry‐Jenkins, M., Repetti, R. L., & Crouter, A. C. (2000) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00981.x · Cited by 521
The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development
Waldfogel, J., Han, W.-J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2002.0021 · Cited by 391
Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development
Ruhm, C. (2000) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w7666 · Cited by 389
Metadata
- Authors
- Parcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G.
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 972-1009
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- OpenAlex
- W1976469238
- Cited by
- 431
- References
- 49
- FWCI
- 28.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/230369
- The paper
- Parcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G. (1994). Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes. American Journal of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1086/230369
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
