The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development
Abstract
We investigated the effects of early maternal employment on children’s cognitive outcomes, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on 1,872 children who can be followed from birth to age 7 or 8. We found some persistent adverse effects of first-year maternal employment and some positive effects of second- and third-year maternal employment on cognitive outcomes for non-Hispanic white children, but not for African American or Hispanic children. These effects are present even after we controlled for a range of individual and family characteristics that affect child development, including those that are likely to be correlated with maternal employment, such as breast-feeding and the use of nonmaternal child care. Controlling for family fixed effects reduces the effects of early maternal employment on some cognitive outcomes but not on others.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,724
Statistical Abstract of the United States
(2005) · Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2527 · Cited by 8,785
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Goldstein, H., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290750 · Cited by 3,321
The Black-White Test Score Gap
(2011) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5771/9780815746119 · Cited by 1,715
Consequences of growing up poor
Frasch, K. M. (1999) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(99)00059-6 · Cited by 1,605
Consequences of growing up poor
Duncan, G. J., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (1999) · Russell Sage Foundation eBooks · Cited by 1,547
Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity?
Bianchi, S. M. (2000) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2000.0001 · Cited by 1,298
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
Work Group on Breastfeeding (1997) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.100.6.1035 · Cited by 1,234
Does Head Start Make a Difference?
Currie, J., & Thomas, D. (1993) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4406 · Cited by 908
Karoly, L. A., Greenwood, P. W., Everingham, S., Houbé, J., Kilburn, M. R., Rydell, C. P., Sanders, M. R., & Chiesa, J. (1998) · Cited by 602
Cited by
Work and family research in the first decade of the 21st century
Bianchi, S. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00726.x · Cited by 1,145
Causal Inference in Sociological Research
Gangl, M. (2010) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102702 · Cited by 401
Does early child care affect children's development?
Felfe, C., & Lalive, R. (2018) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.01.014 · Cited by 232
Hanson, J. L., Chung, M. K., Avants, B. B., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Gee, J. C., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0307-12.2012 · Cited by 219
The Duration of Paid Parental Leave and Children's Scholastic Performance
Liu, Q., & Skans, O. N. (2010) · The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.2202/1935-1682.2329 · Cited by 172
Metadata
- Authors
- Waldfogel, J., Han, W.-J., & Brooks-Gunn, J.
- Venue
- Demography
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 2002-05-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 369-392
- ISSN
- 0070-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-7790
- OpenAlex
- W2087956445
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 48
- FWCI
- 48.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1353/dem.2002.0021
- The paper
- Waldfogel, J., Han, W.-J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development. Demography. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0021
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.