The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling: Evidence from Brazil
Abstract
We investigate whether omitted family background variables are responsible for high returns to schooling estimated in Brazil. Returns to schooling fall by about one-third when parental schooling is added to wage equations. Surprisingly, the schooling of fathers-in-law has larger effects on wages than the schooling of fathers. On the basis of a model of assortative mating, we interpret this as evidence that parental characteristics represent unobservable worker attributes rather than nepotism in the labor market. We conclude that the "family background bias" in returns to schooling is modest and need not imply returns to family connections.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Becker, G. S. (1991) · doi:10.4159/9780674020665 · Cited by 10,565
Estimating the Returns to Schooling: Some Econometric Problems
Griliches, Z. (1977) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913285 · Cited by 1,390
Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications
Psacharopoulos, G. (1985) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145686 · Cited by 1,209
Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive?
Korenman, S., & Neumark, D. (1991) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145924 · Cited by 692
Education, Income, and Ability
Griliches, Z., & Mason, W. M. (1972) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259988 · Cited by 538
The quality of schooling : quantity alone is misleading
Behrman, J. R. (1983) · American Economic Review · Cited by 489
Education investments and returnsPreprint
Schultz, T. (1988) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 396
Schooling and Inequality from Generation to Generation
Bowles, S. (1972) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259996 · Cited by 383
Lam, D. (1988) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145809 · Cited by 340
Self-citationHeckman, J. J., & Hotz, V. J. (1986) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145765 · Cited by 287
Cited by
Intergenerational Mobility in the Labor Market
Solon, G. (1999) · Handbook of Labor Economics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4463(99)03010-2 · Cited by 1,109
Growing Unequal?: Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries
OECD (2008) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264044197-en · Cited by 609
In-school work experience and the returns to schooling
Light, A. (2001) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/209980 · Cited by 192
New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls—A Girls Count Report on Adolescent Girls
Lloyd, C., & Young, J. (2009) · doi:10.31899/pgy17.1011 · Cited by 77
Who marries whom in a surging housing market?
Sun, A., & Zhang, Q. (2020) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102492 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Lam, D., & Schoeni, R. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Political Economy
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 710-740
- ISSN
- 0022-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-534X
- OpenAlex
- W2090516759
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 16.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling: Evidence from Brazil. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/261894
- The paper
- Lam, D., & Schoeni, R. F. (1993). Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/261894
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.