The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phylogenies and the Comparative Method
Abstract
Comparative studies of the relationship between two phenotypes, or between a phenotype and an environment, are frequently carried out by invalid statistical methods. Most regression, correlation, and contingency table methods, including nonparametric methods, assume that the points are drawn independently from a common distribution. When species are taken from a branching phylogeny, they are manifestly nonindependent. Use of a statistical method that assumes independence will cause overstatement of the significance in hypothesis tests. Some illustrative examples of these phenomena have been given, and limitations of previous proposals of ways to correct for the nonindependence have been discussed. A method of correcting for the phylogeny has been proposed. It requires that we know both the tree topology and the branch lengths, and that we be willing to allow the characters to be modeled by Brownian motion on a linear scale. Given these conditions, the phylogeny specifies a set of contrasts among species, contrasts that are statistically independent and can be used in regression or correlation studies. The considerable barriers to making practical use of this technique have been discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We calculated standardized independent contrasts (FIC: Felsenstein 1985) for each of the above factors (territoriality, shoulder height, body mass, habitat openness and group size) using the PDTREE module (Midford et al. 2005) in Mesquite 2.5 (Maddison & Maddison 2008) to account for shared ancestry.”
From Evolution of weaponry in female bovids (2009) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“To test the effects of shared ancestry on trait correlations, we also carried out EMMLi analysis on the phylogenetic independent contrasts (45) of the landmark configurations. This analysis supported the same most likely model and relative strength of correlations within and among modules as the analysis of the raw data did.”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, because of shared phylogenetic descent, species data are likely not to represent statistically independent points.This results in overestimation of degrees of freedom and an increased Type I error rate.”
From Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism (2005) · cites this paper as Felsenstein, 1985
In the citing paper
“Felsenstein also noted that the problem of nonindependence does not occur if”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“He then evolved traits according to a BM process along the phylogeny; he recovered a significant regression slope using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) despite there being no evolutionary covariance between the traits.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“As stated above, the IC method is based on the BM model of trait evolution.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“This led to the development of numerous methods that take phylogeny into account and control for the non-independence of species16,18,19,33.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The fact that species cannot be considered independent data points was first recognized in the 1970s by evolutionary biologists studying the evolution of life history traits such as sexual dimorphism and home range in primates16,18,30–32.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“However, species, genomes and genes cannot be considered as independent data points within statistical tests.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Closely related species tend to be similar because they share genes by common descent, which must be accounted for in analyses.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“There is no simple and robust alternative to controlling for phylogeny, and consequently, the best effort possible must be made to take phylogeny into account, to be able to detect real effects and avoid false positives.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Collecting many more data points from the same phylogenetic cluster could increase any bias due to phylogenetic non-independence (Fig. 1)16,18,20.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Instead, controlling for phylogeny can reduce the chance of detecting a significant result that is not real (Type II error or ‘false positive’)18,42.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Controlling for confounding variables such as phylogeny does not reduce statistical power, because such variables should be accounted for before making any estimates of power18,114,115.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Phylogenetic independent contrasts were also calculated from the data to examine scaling relationships while controlling for the effects of phylogenetic relatedness in the data set (59).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“With a phylogeny, it becomes possible to examine correlated evolutionary change directly along the branches of the tree, for example with the method of independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985; Garland et al. 1992; Nunn and Barton 2001). Alternatively, one can use the phylogeny to statistically control for nonindependence in the underlying data, for example by using phylogenetic generalized least”
From How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology (2012) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
Citations
Cites
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571
Self-citationCases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading
Felsenstein, J. (1978) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/27.4.401 · Cited by 3,261
Self-citationPopulation density and body size in mammals
Damuth, J. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290699a0 · Cited by 1,189
Primate Ecology and Social Organization
Richard, A. F. (1982) · Cited by 835
Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates
Martin, R. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293057a0 · Cited by 711
Maximum-likelihood estimation of evolutionary trees from continuous characters.
(1973) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 700
Self-citationFelsenstein, J. (1981) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04991.x · Cited by 456
Self-citationPilbeam, D., & Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4167.892 · Cited by 416
Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Issues
Felsenstein, J. (1983) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001525 · Cited by 352
Self-citationRelative Brain Size and Metabolism in Mammals
Armstrong, E. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6407108 · Cited by 252
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 6,001–6,100 of 9,780
Shrestha, B., Hyun, M. W., Oh, J., Han, J., Lee, T. H., Cho, J. Y., Kang, H., Kim, S. H., & Sung, G. (2013) · Mycoscience · doi:10.1016/j.myc.2013.09.004 · Cited by 17
Elbourkadi, N., Austad, S. N., & Miller, R. A. (2013) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12172 · Cited by 17
Body size and extinction risk in Brazilian carnivores
Forero‐Medina, G., Vieira, M. V., Grelle, C. E. V., & Almeida, P. J. A. L. (2009) · Biota Neopropica/Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/s1676-06032009000200004 · Cited by 17
Evolutionary inference for function-valued traits: Gaussian process regression on phylogenies
Jones, N. S., & Moriarty, J. (2012) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0616 · Cited by 17
Evolution of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes in hepatitis B virus
Westover, K. M., & Hughes, A. L. (2006) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2006.10.004 · Cited by 17
Pan, X., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Zhao, W., Liu, G., Hu, Y., Prinzing, A., Dong, M., & Cornwell, W. K. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1115 · Cited by 17
Species with more volatile population dynamics are differentially impacted by weather
Harrison, J. G., Shapiro, A. M., Espeset, A. E., Nice, C. C., Jahner, J. P., & Forister, M. L. (2015) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0792 · Cited by 17
Takahashi, K. H., Tuno, N., & Kagaya, T. (2005) · European Journal of Entomology · doi:10.14411/eje.2005.006 · Cited by 17
Baeza, J. A. (2007) · Revista de biología marina y oceanografía · doi:10.4067/s0718-19572007000100002 · Cited by 17
Scaling of sensorimotor control in terrestrial mammals
More, H. L., Weber, D. J., Hutchinson, J. R., Aung, S., Collins, D. F., & Donelan, J. M. (2009) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.510 · Cited by 17
Integrating ecology into macroevolutionary research
Bunnefeld, L., Baker, W. J., Barraclough, T. G., Dasmahapatra, K. K., Goswami, A., Harmon, L. J., Morlon, H., Purvis, A., Rosindell, J., Thomas, G. H., et al. (2011) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0358 · Cited by 17
Life in the unthinking depths: energetic constraints on encephalization in marine fishes
Iglesias, T. L., Dornburg, A., Brandley, M. C., Alfaro, M. E., & Warren, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12631 · Cited by 17
A phylogenetic Kalman filter for ancestral trait reconstruction using molecular data
Lartillot, N. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt707 · Cited by 16
Winkler, D. W. (2000) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0052:tpatal]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 17
Tanaka‐Oda, A., Kenzo, T., Inoue, Y., Yano, M., Koba, K., & Ichie, T. (2015) · Trees · doi:10.1007/s00468-015-1298-9 · Cited by 17
Edwards, S., Herrel, A., Vanhooydonck, B., Measey, J. G., & Tolley, K. A. (2016) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12856 · Cited by 17
Koella, J. C., & Turner, P. E. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207466.003.0017 · Cited by 17
Arévalo, R., van Ee, B. W., Riina, R., Berry, P. E., & Wiedenhoeft, A. C. (2016) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcw243 · Cited by 17
Niveshika, Singh, S., Verma, E., & Mishra, A. K. (2016) · Sustainable Environment · doi:10.1080/23311843.2016.1273750 · Cited by 17
The Origins, Evolution and Interconnections of Play and Ritual: Setting the Stage
Burghardt, G. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316534663.003 · Cited by 17
Swain, T. D., Westneat, M. W., Backman, V., & Marcelino, L. A. (2018) · European Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1080/09670262.2018.1466200 · Cited by 17
The impact of digging on the evolution of the rodent mandible
McIntosh, A. F., & Cox, P. G. (2018) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.20929 · Cited by 17
Lowie, A., Gillet, E., Vanhooydonck, B., Irschick, D. J., Losos, J. B., & Herrel, A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.188805 · Cited by 17
Cui, X., Paterson, A. M., Alam, M. A., Wyse, S. V., Marshall, K., Perry, G. L. W., & Curran, T. J. (2020) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.16651 · Cited by 17
Mzilikazi, N., & Lovegrove, B. G. (2005) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-005-0035-x · Cited by 17
Energetic benefits and adaptations in mammalian limbs: Scale effects and selective pressures
Kilbourne, B. M., & Hoffman, L. C. (2015) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12675 · Cited by 19
Primate sociality in evolutionary context
Müller, A. E., & Soligo, C. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20086 · Cited by 17
Martínez, P. A., & Bidau, C. J. (2014) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.11.008 · Cited by 17
Krüger, O. (2000) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s095283690000203x · Cited by 17
Presswell, B., Evans, S. A., Poulin, R., & Jorge, F. (2014) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x14000017 · Cited by 17
ONTOGENY OF LARGE BIRDS: MIGRANTS DO IT FASTER
Meiri, S., & Yom‐Tov, Y. (2004) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/condor/106.3.540 · Cited by 17
Shahid, M., & Srivastava, M. (2014) · Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology · doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000130 · Cited by 17
Intimate relations: Evolutionary conflicts of pregnancy and childhood
Haig, D. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207466.003.0006 · Cited by 17
Microtine Social Systems, Adaptation, and the Comparative Method
Ostfeld, R. S., & Klosterman, L. L. (1990) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-6416-9_4 · Cited by 17
Templeton, A. R. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4830-6_11 · Cited by 17
Evolution of Palatability Differences between Closely-Related Treefrogs
Blouin, M. S. (1990) · Journal of Herpetology · doi:10.2307/1564399 · Cited by 17
Hatle, J. D., Andrews, A. L., Crowley, M. C., & Juliano, S. A. (2004) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/420946 · Cited by 17
Lewitus, É., Kelava, I., Kalinka, A. T., Tomančák, P., & Huttner, W. Β. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2029 · Cited by 17
Ecomorphology of boine snakes, with emphasis on South American forms
Pizzatto, L., Marques, O. A. V., & Martins, M. R. (2005) · Abstracts · Cited by 17
Rineau, V. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f27488d1zc477z4d32zae17z940cfa001466 · Cited by 17
Unlocking longevity through the comparative biology of aging
Rechsteiner, C., Morandini, F., Kim, S. J., Seluanov, A., & Gorbunova, V. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00945-8 · Cited by 16
Sexual size dimorphism in island plants: the niche variation hypothesis and insular size changes
Kavanagh, P. H., & Burns, K. C. (2014) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.01753 · Cited by 16
Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez, C., Iwaniuk, A. N., & WYLIE, D. R. W. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000446312 · Cited by 16
Testing Adaptive Hypotheses, Optimality Models, and Adaptationism
Orzack, S. H. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195182057.003.0005 · Cited by 16
The evolution of sociality in termites from cockroaches: A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective
Legendre, F., & Grandcolas, P. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution · doi:10.1002/jez.b.22812 · Cited by 16
Derilus, D., Rahman, M. Z., Serrano, A. E., & Massey, S. E. (2020) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104642 · Cited by 16
Three-dimensional dental topography and feeding ecology in the extinct cave bear
Pérez‐Ramos, A., Romero, A., Rodriguez, E., & Figueirido, B. (2020) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0792 · Cited by 16
From micro to macroevolution: drivers of shape variation in an island radiation ofPodarcislizards*
Taverne, M., Dutel, H., Fagan, M. J., Štambuk, A., Lisičić, D., Tadić, Z., Fabre, A., & Herrel, A. (2021) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14326 · Cited by 16
Plateau, O., & Foth, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.737199 · Cited by 17
Problemas canónicos en torno a la conversión de los visigodos al catolicismo
Rovira, J. O. (1962) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 16
Stiblíková, P., Klimeš, A., Cahill, J. F., Koubek, T., & Weiser, M. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08995 · Cited by 16
Dancing drives evolution of sexual size dimorphism in manakins
Shogren, E. H., Anciães, M., Barske, J., Cestári, C., DuVal, E. H., Gaiotti, M. G., Johnson, E. I., Kimball, R. T., Marini, M. Â., Ryder, T. B., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2540 · Cited by 16
Graboski, R., Grazziotin, F. G., Mott, T., & Rodrigues, M. T. (2022) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107518 · Cited by 18
A simple hierarchical model for heterogeneity in the evolutionary correlation on a phylogenetic tree
Revell, L. J., Toyama, K. S., & Mahler, D. L. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13910 · Cited by 16
Udume, O. A., Abu, G. O., Stanley, H. O., Vincent-Akpu, I. F., & Momoh, Y. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10340 · Cited by 16
Annual egg productivity predicts female‐biased mortality in avian species
Romanò, A., Liker, A., Bazzi, G., Ambrosini, R., Møller, A. P., & Rubolini, D. (2022) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14623 · Cited by 16
Plastid phylogenomics and molecular evolution of Thismiaceae (Dioscoreales)
Garrett, L. N., Viruel, J., Klimpert, N. J., Gomez, M. S., Lam, V. K. Y., Merckx, V. S. F. T., & Graham, S. W. (2023) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.16141 · Cited by 16
Griffith, D. M., Byrd, K. B., Anderegg, L. D. L., Allan, E., Gatziolis, D., Roberts, D. A., Yacoub, R., & Nemani, R. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2215533120 · Cited by 16
Interactions among mycorrhizal fungi enhance the early development of a Mediterranean orchid
Calevo, J., & Duffy, K. J. (2023) · Mycorrhiza · doi:10.1007/s00572-023-01118-4 · Cited by 16
Integrated evolutionary pattern analyses reveal multiple origins of steroidal saponins in plants
Li, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, F., Li, S., Gu, Y., Tian, W., Tian, W., Wang, J., Wen, J., & Li, J. (2023) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.16411 · Cited by 16
Vecchi, M., Stec, D., Rebecchi, L., Michalczyk, Ł., & Calhim, S. (2023) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.14031 · Cited by 16
Ramírez, J. A., Craven, D., Herrera‐Ramírez, D., Posada, J. M., Reu, B., Sierra, C. A., Hoch, G., Handa, I. T., & Messier, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1375958 · Cited by 16
Heesy, C. P., Kamilar, J. M., & Willms, J. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000324860 · Cited by 16
Bridge, E. S., Voelker, G., Thompson, C. W., Jones, A. W., & Baker, A. J. (2007) · The Auk · doi:10.1093/auk/124.3.841 · Cited by 16
Lourenço, P. M., & Piersma, T. (2015) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-015-1175-8 · Cited by 16
Heritability of digit ratio (2D:4D) in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Nelson, E., & Voracek, M. (2009) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0173-y · Cited by 16
Summerville, K. S. (2008) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01356.x · Cited by 16
Chang, T., & Stergiopoulos, I. (2015) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.13256 · Cited by 17
Bininda‐Emonds, O. R. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43550-2_3 · Cited by 15
Metabolic pools differ among ecologically diverse Drosophila species
Matzkin, L. M., Mutsaka, K., Johnson, S., & Markow, T. A. (2009) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.08.008 · Cited by 16
No evidence of trade‐offs in the evolution of sperm numbers and sperm size in mammals
Tourmente, M., delBarco‐Trillo, J., & Roldán, E. R. S. (2015) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12698 · Cited by 16
Renoult, J. P., Courtiol, A., & Kjellberg, F. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01885.x · Cited by 16
Patterns of mammalian population decline inform conservation action
Fonzo, M. M. I. D., Collen, B., Chauvenet, A. L. M., & Mace, G. M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12659 · Cited by 17
Ploidy level in the genus L eucanthemum correlates with resistance to a specialist herbivore
Stutz, S., Hinz, H. L., Konowalik, K., Müller‐Schärer, H., Oberprieler, C., & Schaffner, U. (2016) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1460 · Cited by 16
Surviving at high elevations: an inter- and intra-specific analysis in a mountain bird community
Bastianelli, G., Tavecchia, G., Meléndez, L., Seoane, J., Obeso, J. R., & Laiolo, P. (2017) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3852-1 · Cited by 16
Noyszewski, A. K., Liu, Y.-C., Tamura, K., & Smith, A. G. (2017) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1011-2 · Cited by 16
Evolution of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) during a Brazilian outbreak, 2015
Favaro, P. F., Fernandes, W. R., Reischak, D., Brandão, P. E., Silva, S. O. D. S., & Richtzenhain, L. J. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.bjm.2017.07.003 · Cited by 16
Tabrizicola fusiformis sp. nov., isolated from an industrial wastewater treatment plant
Ko, D.-J., Kim, J., Park, D., Lee, D., Heo, S.-Y., Seo, J., Kim, C. H., & Oh, B.-R. (2018) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002760 · Cited by 16
Day‐flying moths are smaller: evidence for ecological costs of being large
Tammaru, T., Johansson, N. R., Õunap, E., & Davis, R. Β. (2018) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.13306 · Cited by 16
Plant structural complexity mediates trade‐off in direct and indirect plant defense by birds
Nell, C. S., & Mooney, K. A. (2019) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2853 · Cited by 16
Parallel ecological filtering of ultramafic soils in three distant island floras
Pillon, Y., Alfonso, D., Randriambanona, H., Lowry, P. P., Jaffré, T., & Merlot, S. (2019) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.13677 · Cited by 16
Convergent reduction of V1R genes in subterranean rodents
Jiao, H., Hong, W., Nevo, E., Li, K., & Zhao, H. (2019) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1502-4 · Cited by 16
Diet and Adaptive Evolution of Alanine-Glyoxylate Aminotransferase Mitochondrial Targeting in Birds
Wang, B.-J., Xia, J.-M., Wang, Q., Yu, J., Song, Z., & Zhao, H. (2019) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msz266 · Cited by 16
Gálvez‐López, E. (2020) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24453 · Cited by 16
Species-specific nitrogen resorption proficiency in legumes and nonlegumes
Oikawa, S., Matsui, Y., Oguro, M., Okanishi, M., Tanabe, R., Tanaka, T., Togashi, A., & Itagaki, T. (2020) · Journal of Plant Research · doi:10.1007/s10265-020-01211-1 · Cited by 16
Adaptive transgenerational effects remain significant
Zhang, Y., Yin, J., Zhou, M., Lin, Z., & Li, Q. Q. (2020) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13589 · Cited by 16
Host movement and time of year influence tick parasitism in Pantanal birds
Fecchio, A., Martins, T. F., Bell, J. A., LaTorre, G. M. D., Bueno, E. D. R., Malaquias, M. J., de Pinho, J. B., Labruna, M. B., & Dias, R. I. (2020) · Experimental and Applied Acarology · doi:10.1007/s10493-020-00530-1 · Cited by 16
Pineda‐Munoz, S., Jukar, A. M., Tóth, A. B., Fraser, D., Du, A., Barr, W. A., Amatangelo, K. L., Balk, M. A., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Blois, J. L., et al. (2020) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.05027 · Cited by 16
Tavares, W. C., & Pessôa, L. M. (2020) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa150 · Cited by 16
Sadeghi, R., Esmaeili, H. R., Teimori, A., Ebrahimi, M., & Gholamhosseini, A. (2020) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.23683 · Cited by 16
Maitner, B., Park, D., Enquist, B. J., & Dlugosch, K. M. (2021) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.05406 · Cited by 16
Natural selection on a carbon cycling trait drives ecosystem engineering by Sphagnum (peat moss)
Piatkowski, B. T., Yavitt, J. B., Turetsky, M. R., & Shaw, A. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0609 · Cited by 16
Ibáñez, C. M., Díaz‐Santana‐Iturrios, M., Carrasco, S. A., Fernández‐Álvarez, F. Á., López‐Córdova, D. A., Cornejo, C. F., Ortíz, N., Rocha, F., Vidal, É. A. G., & Pardo-Gandarillas, M. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.707825 · Cited by 18
Linking ecological traits to extinction risk: Analysis of a Neotropical anuran database
Fontana, R. B., Furtado, R., Zanella, N., Debastiani, V. J., & Hartz, S. M. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109390 · Cited by 16
Air temperature drives the evolution of mid-infrared optical properties of butterfly wings
Krishna, A., Nie, X., Briscoe, A. D., & Lee, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02810-1 · Cited by 16
Moen, D. S., Cabrera‐Guzmán, E., Caviedes-Solis, I. W., González‐Bernal, E., & Hanna, A. R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.243292 · Cited by 16
Maternally transferred thyroid hormones and life‐history variation in birds
Hsu, B., Pakanen, V., Boner, W., Doligez, B., Eeva, T., Groothuis, T. G. G., Korpimäki, E., Laaksonen, T., Lelono, A., Monaghan, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13708 · Cited by 16
Harrison, A. S., Revell, L. J., & Losos, J. B. (2015) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003274 · Cited by 16
Using primate models to study the evolution of human locomotion: concepts and cases
D’Août, K., Aerts, P., & Bérillon, G. (2014) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.1007/s13219-014-0102-5 · Cited by 16
Araya, Y., SILVERTOWN, J. W., GOWING, D. J. G., McConway, K., Linder, P. H., & Midgley, G. F. (2010) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02089.x · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Felsenstein, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felsenstein, Joseph
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2013410948
- Cited by
- 9,793
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 242 · 2025: 311 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 361 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 391 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 465 · 2018: 375 · 2017: 374 · 2016: 374 · 2015: 399 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 343
- FWCI
- 40.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Washington
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- phylogenetic comparative analysis, Brownian motion model, branch length, tree topology, contingency tables, character evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
