The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phylogenies and the Comparative Method
Abstract
Comparative studies of the relationship between two phenotypes, or between a phenotype and an environment, are frequently carried out by invalid statistical methods. Most regression, correlation, and contingency table methods, including nonparametric methods, assume that the points are drawn independently from a common distribution. When species are taken from a branching phylogeny, they are manifestly nonindependent. Use of a statistical method that assumes independence will cause overstatement of the significance in hypothesis tests. Some illustrative examples of these phenomena have been given, and limitations of previous proposals of ways to correct for the nonindependence have been discussed. A method of correcting for the phylogeny has been proposed. It requires that we know both the tree topology and the branch lengths, and that we be willing to allow the characters to be modeled by Brownian motion on a linear scale. Given these conditions, the phylogeny specifies a set of contrasts among species, contrasts that are statistically independent and can be used in regression or correlation studies. The considerable barriers to making practical use of this technique have been discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We calculated standardized independent contrasts (FIC: Felsenstein 1985) for each of the above factors (territoriality, shoulder height, body mass, habitat openness and group size) using the PDTREE module (Midford et al. 2005) in Mesquite 2.5 (Maddison & Maddison 2008) to account for shared ancestry.”
From Evolution of weaponry in female bovids (2009) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“To test the effects of shared ancestry on trait correlations, we also carried out EMMLi analysis on the phylogenetic independent contrasts (45) of the landmark configurations. This analysis supported the same most likely model and relative strength of correlations within and among modules as the analysis of the raw data did.”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, because of shared phylogenetic descent, species data are likely not to represent statistically independent points.This results in overestimation of degrees of freedom and an increased Type I error rate.”
From Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism (2005) · cites this paper as Felsenstein, 1985
In the citing paper
“Felsenstein also noted that the problem of nonindependence does not occur if”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“He then evolved traits according to a BM process along the phylogeny; he recovered a significant regression slope using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) despite there being no evolutionary covariance between the traits.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“As stated above, the IC method is based on the BM model of trait evolution.”
From Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods (2018) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
In the citing paper
“This led to the development of numerous methods that take phylogeny into account and control for the non-independence of species16,18,19,33.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The fact that species cannot be considered independent data points was first recognized in the 1970s by evolutionary biologists studying the evolution of life history traits such as sexual dimorphism and home range in primates16,18,30–32.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“However, species, genomes and genes cannot be considered as independent data points within statistical tests.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Closely related species tend to be similar because they share genes by common descent, which must be accounted for in analyses.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“There is no simple and robust alternative to controlling for phylogeny, and consequently, the best effort possible must be made to take phylogeny into account, to be able to detect real effects and avoid false positives.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Collecting many more data points from the same phylogenetic cluster could increase any bias due to phylogenetic non-independence (Fig. 1)16,18,20.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Instead, controlling for phylogeny can reduce the chance of detecting a significant result that is not real (Type II error or ‘false positive’)18,42.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Controlling for confounding variables such as phylogeny does not reduce statistical power, because such variables should be accounted for before making any estimates of power18,114,115.”
From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Phylogenetic independent contrasts were also calculated from the data to examine scaling relationships while controlling for the effects of phylogenetic relatedness in the data set (59).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“With a phylogeny, it becomes possible to examine correlated evolutionary change directly along the branches of the tree, for example with the method of independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985; Garland et al. 1992; Nunn and Barton 2001). Alternatively, one can use the phylogeny to statistically control for nonindependence in the underlying data, for example by using phylogenetic generalized least”
From How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology (2012) · cites this paper as Felsenstein 1985
Citations
Cites
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571
Self-citationCases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading
Felsenstein, J. (1978) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/27.4.401 · Cited by 3,261
Self-citationPopulation density and body size in mammals
Damuth, J. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290699a0 · Cited by 1,189
Primate Ecology and Social Organization
Richard, A. F. (1982) · Cited by 835
Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates
Martin, R. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293057a0 · Cited by 711
Maximum-likelihood estimation of evolutionary trees from continuous characters.
(1973) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 700
Self-citationFelsenstein, J. (1981) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04991.x · Cited by 456
Self-citationPilbeam, D., & Gould, S. J. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4167.892 · Cited by 416
Parsimony in Systematics: Biological and Statistical Issues
Felsenstein, J. (1983) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001525 · Cited by 352
Self-citationRelative Brain Size and Metabolism in Mammals
Armstrong, E. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6407108 · Cited by 252
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 6,601–6,700 of 9,780
The evolution of climatic niche breadth in terrestrial vertebrates
Pie, M. R., Divieso, R., & Caron, F. S. (2021) · Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research · doi:10.1111/jzs.12508 · Cited by 12
Controls for Phylogeny and Robust Analysis in Pareto Task Inference
Adler, M., Tendler, A., Hausser, J., Kohanim, Y. K., Székely, P., Moshe, N. B. B., Hart, Y., Karin, O., Mayo, A., & Alon, U. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab297 · Cited by 12
Occurrence and life history correlates of vocal duetting in North American passerines
Benedict, L. (2007) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/j.2008.0908-8857.04103.x · Cited by 12
Perlman, S. J., & JAENIKE, J. R. (2003) · Evolution · doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0544:isinha]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 12
Large Mammals Have More Powerful Antibacterial Defenses Than Expected from Their Metabolic Rates
Downs, C. J., Schoenle, L. A., Goolsby, E. W., Oakey, S. J., Ball, R. L., Jiang, R. H. Y., Klasing, K. C., & Martin, L. B. (2022) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/722504 · Cited by 11
Coevolution within and between Genes
Galtier, N., & Dutheil, J. Y. (2007) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000107599 · Cited by 12
The Ideas Lab Concept, Assembling the Tree of Life, and AVAToL
Collins, T., Kearney, M., & Madison, D. (2013) · PLoS Currents · doi:10.1371/currents.tol.0fdb85e1619f313a2a5a2ec3d7a8df9e · Cited by 12
Power and metabolic scope of bird flight: a phylogenetic analysis of biomechanical predictions
Hedenström, A. (2008) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-008-0345-z · Cited by 12
Body Size Variation in Tapeworms (Cestoda): Adaptation to Intestinal Gradients?
Haukisalmi, V., Heino, M., & Kaitala, V. (1998) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546556 · Cited by 12
Cross-sectional geometry of the dentary in bats
Dumont, E. R., & Nicolay, C. W. (2006) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2005.08.004 · Cited by 12
Mandibular shape in the genusMarmota(Rodentia, Sciuridae): A preliminary analysis using outlines
Cardini, A., & Slice, D. E. (2004) · The European Zoological Journal · doi:10.1080/11250000409356546 · Cited by 12
Allometry of milk intake at peak lactation
Riek, A. (2010) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.03.004 · Cited by 12
Correlation between enzyme activities and routine metabolic rate in Drosophila
Berrigan, D. A., & Hoang (1999) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00027.x · Cited by 12
Ecological constraints on mammalian sleep architecture
Capellini, I., Preston, B. T., McNamara, P., Barton, R. A., & Nunn, C. L. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511642074.002 · Cited by 12
Phylogenetic and environmental lability of flavonoids in a medicinal moss
Harris, E. S. J. (2009) · Biochemical Systematics and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.004 · Cited by 12
Relationship between bill morphology and preening behaviour in waders
Barbosa, A. (1996) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/08927014.1996.9522919 · Cited by 12
A test for a cost of opportunism in invasive species in the Commelinaceae
Burns, J. H., Halpern, S. L., & Winn, A. A. (2006) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9027-3 · Cited by 12
García‐Barros, E. (2006) · European Journal of Entomology · doi:10.14411/eje.2006.076 · Cited by 12
Environmental influences in the evolution of tetrapod hearing sensitivity and middle ear tuning
Gridi‐Papp, M., & Narins, P. M. (2009) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icp088 · Cited by 12
Sex ratio in flea infrapopulations: number of fleas, host gender and host age do not have an effect
KRASNOV, B. R., Shenbrot, G. I., Khokhlova, I. S., Hawlena, H., & Degen, A. A. (2008) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182008004551 · Cited by 12
Cooke, S. J., Schreer, J. F., Wahl, D. H., & Philipp, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.030601 · Cited by 12
Slove, J., & Janz, N. (2010) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01238.x · Cited by 12
Lloyd, K. M., Lee, W. G., & Wilson, J. B. (2002) · Cited by 12
Do life-history variables of European cuckoo hosts explain their egg-rejection behavior?
Soler, J. J. (1999) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/10.1.1 · Cited by 12
Species richness on trees: a comparison of parasitic fungi and insects
Brändle, M., & Brandl, R. (2003) · Evolutionary ecology research · Cited by 12
Lootvoet, A., Philippon, J., & Bessa‐Gomes, C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135585 · Cited by 12
Riemannian Structures on Shape Spaces: A Framework for Statistical Inferences
Joshi, S., Kaziska, D. M., Srivastava, A., & Mio, W. (2006) · Modeling and simulation in science, engineering & technology · doi:10.1007/0-8176-4481-4_13 · Cited by 12
Benefits of fidelity: does host specialization impact nematode parasite life history and fecundity?
Koprivnikar, J., & Randhawa, H. S. (2013) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182012002132 · Cited by 12
Lower molar shape and size in prosimian and platyrrhine primates
Clair, E. M. S., & Boyer, D. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23021 · Cited by 12
What you don’t know can hurt you
Fox, G. A. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672547.003.0006 · Cited by 12
Investigating ecological speciation
Funk, D. J. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815683.012 · Cited by 12
Hing, M. L., Klanten, O. S., Dowton, M., & Wong, M. Y. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00100 · Cited by 12
Soares, L. B., Ceríaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P., Bastos‐Silveira, C., Scheinberg, L. A., Harris, D. J., Brehm, A., & Jesus, J. (2018) · African Journal of Herpetology · doi:10.1080/21564574.2017.1413015 · Cited by 12
Yessoufou, K., Bezeng, B. S., Gaoue, O. G., Bengu, T., & van der Bank, M. (2018) · Genome · doi:10.1139/gen-2018-0039 · Cited by 12
Bonett, R. M., Hess, A. J., & Ledbetter, N. M. (2020) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09497-8 · Cited by 12
Wirkner, C. S. (2009) · Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny · doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31688 · Cited by 12
Mandibular Corpus Form and Its Functional Significance: Evidence from Marsupials
Hogue, A. S. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76585-3_15 · Cited by 12
Phylogenie der Farn- und Blutenpflanzen Deutschlands
Durka, W. (2003) · Cited by 12
GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS AMONG NEARCTIC HERONS (ARDEIDAE)
Rubolini, D., & Fasola, M. (2008) · The Auk · doi:10.1525/auk.2008.07018 · Cited by 12
Primatology as an essential basis for biological anthropology
Martin, R. D. (2003) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.10041 · Cited by 12
Human genetic variation of medical significance
Kídd, K. K., & Kidd, J. R. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207466.003.0005 · Cited by 11
Trends In The Evolution Of Hindlimb Musculature In Aerial-Foraging Birds
McKitrick, M. C. (1993) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · doi:10.1093/auk/110.2.189 · Cited by 12
Vanhooydonck, B., & Irschick, D. J. (2002) · Cited by 12
Using Supertrees to Investigate Species Richness in Grasses and Flowering Plants
Salamin, N., & Davies, T. J. (2004) · Computational biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2330-9_22 · Cited by 12
Validity of sexual selection in birds
Read, A. F., & Harvey, P. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/340105a0 · Cited by 12
The comparative anatomy of baleen: evolutionary and ecological implications
Young, S. (2012) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace) · Cited by 12
Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Squirrels
Rajamani, N. (2011) · Cited by 12
Solving Galton’s problem: practical solutions for analysing language diversity and evolutionPreprint
Bromham, L. D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c8v9r · Cited by 15
Marino, A., Debaecker, G., Fiston-Lavier, A.-S., Haudry, A., & Nabholz, B. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100574 · Cited by 17
Statistical evidence for common ancestry: Application to primates: PRIMATE COMMON ANCESTRY
Baum, D. A., Ané, C., Larget, B., Solís-Lemus, C., Ho, L. S. T., Boone, P., Drummond, C. P., Bontrager, M., Hunter, S. J., & Saucier, W. (2016) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12934 · Cited by 11
Pereliaeva, E. V., Dmitrieva, M. E., Morgunova, M. M., Belyshenko, A. Y., Imidoeva, N. A., Ostyak, A. S., & Axenov-Gribanov, D. V. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8050213 · Cited by 11
Kopania, E. E. K., & Clark, N. L. (2024) · Evolution Letters · doi:10.1093/evlett/qrae072 · Cited by 11
Can skeletal surface area predictin vivofoot surface area?
Strickson, E. C., Hutchinson, J. R., Wilkinson, D. M., & Falkingham, P. L. (2019) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.13090 · Cited by 12
Divergent litter traits of riparian plant species between humid and drier biomes within the tropics
de Sena, G. P. D. S., Tonin, A. M., Caliman, A., Callisto, M., Hamada, N., Hepp, L. U., Kowalczuk, V. G. L., Martins, R. T., Medeiros, A. O., de Morais, P. B., et al. (2022) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.06310 · Cited by 11
Arslan, N. Ş., & Martin, T. E. (2023) · The Auk · doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad047 · Cited by 11
Bai, X., Yang, D., Sher, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, K., Liu, Q., Wen, H., Zhang, J., & Slot, M. (2023) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtad037 · Cited by 11
Wang, Q., Fan, X., Wu, S., & Su, X. (2024) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbae013 · Cited by 13
Shahzad, K., Zhu, M., Cao, L., Hao, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., & Dai, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1367152 · Cited by 11
A new titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina
Moreno, A. P., Salgado, L., Carballido, J. L., Otero, A., & Pol, D. (2024) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997 · Cited by 11
Niimura, Y., Biswa, B. B., Kishida, T., Toyoda, A., Fujiwara, K., Ito, M., Touhara, K., Inoue‐Murayama, M., Jenkins, S. H., Adenyo, C., et al. (2024) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msae071 · Cited by 11
Evolution history dominantly regulates fine root lifespan in tree species across the world
Huang, X., Lu, Z., Li, F., Deng, Y., Wan, F., Wang, Q., Fousseni, F., Wang, J., & Guo, Z. (2024) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100211 · Cited by 11
Habitat niches of bird species along a recovery gradient in the Chocó tropical forest
Falconí‐López, A., Mitesser, O., Schaefer, H. M., Blüthgen, N., Busse, A., Feldhaar, H., Freile, J. F., Gelis, R. A., Grella, N., Heibl, C., et al. (2024) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112260 · Cited by 12
Noise leads to the perceived increase in evolutionary rates over short time scales
O’Meara, B. C., & Beaulieu, J. M. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012458 · Cited by 11
Wang, N., Lv, T., Wang, L., Chen, S., Xie, L., Fang, Y., & Ding, H. (2024) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-024-01780-0 · Cited by 11
The evolution of gestation length in eutherian mammals
Danis, T., & Rokas, A. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1412 · Cited by 9
A Tale of Too Many Trees: A Conundrum for Phylogenetic Regression
Adams, R. H. J., Lozano, J. R., Duncan, M., Green, J. E., Assis, R., & DeGiorgio, M. (2025) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf032 · Cited by 11
Lai, J., He, Y., Hou, M., Zhang, A., Wang, G., & Mao, L. (2025) · Acta Botanica Yunnanica · doi:10.1016/j.pld.2025.06.003 · Cited by 11
Diving behavior reduces genera richness of lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) of mammals
Felső, B., & Rózsa, L. (2007) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.2478/s11686-007-0006-3 · Cited by 11
Krasnov, B. R., Khokhlova, I. S., Shenbrot, G. I., & Poulin, R. (2008) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-008-0884-9 · Cited by 11
Koerner, L., Garamszegi, L. Z., Heethoff, M., & Betz, O. (2017) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx006 · Cited by 11
The evolutionary origin of variation in song length and frequency in the avian family Cettiidae
Wei, C., Price, T. D., Liu, J., Alström, P., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/jav.01366 · Cited by 11
Phylogeny determines flower size‐dependent sex allocation at flowering in a hermaphroditic family
Teixido, A. L., Guzmán, B., Staggemeier, V. G., & Valladares, F. (2017) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/plb.12604 · Cited by 11
Menzel, A., Hempel, S., Davison, J., Moora, M., Pyšek, P., Rillig, M., Zobel, M., & Kühn, I. (2018) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.03367 · Cited by 8
Baliga, V. B., & Mehta, R. S. (2018) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/697047 · Cited by 11
Ethica, S. N., Oedjijono, O., Semiarti, E., Widada, J., & Raharjo, T. J. (2018) · BIOTROPIA · doi:10.11598/btb.2018.25.1.583 · Cited by 11
Matur, F., Yanchukov, A., Çolak, F., & Sözen, M. (2018) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.11.004 · Cited by 11
Giant viruses: spore‐like missing links between Rickettsia and mitochondria?
Seligmann, H. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14022 · Cited by 11
Context‐dependent evolution of ostracod morphology along the ecogeographical gradient of ocean depth
Juarez, B. H., Speiser, D. I., & Oakley, T. H. (2019) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13748 · Cited by 11
Tiknaik, A., Kalyankar, A. D., Shingare, M., Suryawanshi, R., Prakash, B., Sontakke, T., Nalage, D. N., Sanil, R., & Khedkar, G. D. (2019) · Mitochondrial DNA Part A · doi:10.1080/24701394.2019.1611798 · Cited by 11
Burbrink, F. T., & Futterman, I. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5492 · Cited by 11
Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny
Cole, S. R. (2019) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2019.37 · Cited by 11
The role of common ancestry and gene flow in the evolution of human‐directed play behaviour in dogs
Garamszegi, L. Z., Temrin, H., Enikö Kubinyi, B., Miklósi, Á., & Kolm, N. (2019) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.13567 · Cited by 11
Olivares, A. I., Álvarez, A., Verzi, D. H., Pérez, S. I., & Santi, N. A. D. (2019) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12464 · Cited by 11
Split moult: time constraints or endogenous strategy?
Kiat, Y., & Izhaki, I. (2020) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.12897 · Cited by 11
Ecological correlates of crop yield growth and interannual yield variation at a global scale
Gleiser, G., da Cunha, N. L., Sáez, A., & Aizen, M. A. (2021) · Web Ecology · doi:10.5194/we-21-15-2021 · Cited by 11
Netto, T. F. D. S., & Tavares, W. C. (2020) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa231 · Cited by 11
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in municipal sewage water joining river Ganga, at Prayagraj (India)
Kumar, A., Kumar, A., & Prasad, K. S. (2021) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101175 · Cited by 13
A revision of vulture feeding classification
Linde‐Medina, M., Guerra, C., & Alcover, J. A. (2021) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2021.125946 · Cited by 11
Evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism of jumping performance in anurans
Juarez, B. H., & Adams, D. C. (2021) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-021-10132-x · Cited by 11
Variable social organization among tuco-tucos (genusCtenomys) in theopimusclade
Lacey, E. A., Amaya, J. P., Irian, C., Carrizo, P. G., O’Brien, S. L., & Ojeda, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyac015 · Cited by 11
Relaxed Feeding Constraints Facilitate the Evolution of Mouthbrooding in Neotropical Cichlids
Weller, H. I., López‐Fernández, H., McMahan, C. D., & Brainerd, E. L. (2022) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/719235 · Cited by 11
Di‐Nizo, C. B., Suárez-Villota, E. Y., & Silva, M. J. D. J. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13011 · Cited by 11
Benítez, H. A., Püschel, T. A., & Suazo, M. J. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11040567 · Cited by 11
Geographic, climatic, and phylogenetic drivers of variation in colobine activity budgets
Kraus, J. B., & Strier, K. B. (2022) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-022-01015-y · Cited by 12
Modeling the extinction risk of European butterflies and odonates
Franke, S., Pinkert, S., Brandl, R., & Thorn, S. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9465 · Cited by 11
Complex plumages spur rapid color diversification in kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae)
Eliason, C. M., McCullough, J. M., Hackett, S. J., & Andersen, M. J. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83426 · Cited by 10
Bouvier, J. W., & Kelly, S. (2023) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154021 · Cited by 11
Liu, X., Wang, X., Chen, H., Chen, K., Mo, W., Yuan, Y., Zhu, J., Wang, R., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110880 · Cited by 11
Alfieri, F., Botton‐Divet, L., Wölfer, J., Nyakatura, J. A., & Amson, E. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05371-3 · Cited by 11
Thermal adaptation of soil microbial growth traits in response to chronic warming
Eng, A. Y., Narayanan, A., Alster, C. J., & DeAngelis, K. M. (2023) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00825-23 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Felsenstein, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felsenstein, Joseph
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2013410948
- Cited by
- 9,793
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 242 · 2025: 311 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 361 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 391 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 465 · 2018: 375 · 2017: 374 · 2016: 374 · 2015: 399 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 343
- FWCI
- 40.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Washington
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- phylogenetic comparative analysis, Brownian motion model, branch length, tree topology, contingency tables, character evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
